Energy values in pistachio shell powder and soybean hulls fed to gestating and lactating sows

Two experiments were conducted to determine the nutritional composition and nutrient and energy digestibility of pistachio shell powder, soybean hulls, and soybean meal. In Exp. 1, the objective was to test the hypothesis that apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), dry matter (DM), and total dietary fiber (TDF) and concentration of digestible energy (DE) in pistachio shell powder are not different from those in soybean hulls when fed to gestating or lactating sows. Twenty-four gestating sows were housed in metabolism crates and fed a corn-based diet or a diet that contained corn and 20% pistachio shell powder, or a diet containing corn and 20% soybean hulls. Sows were fed experimental diets for 13 d with feces and urine being quantitatively collected for 4 d after 7 d of adaptation. Twenty-four lactating sows were housed in farrowing crates and fed a diet based on corn and soybean meal (SBM) or 2 diets that contained corn, SBM, and 20% of either pistachio shell powder or soybean hulls, and feces were collected for 6 d after 7 d of adaptation to the diets. Results indicated that for gestating sows, the diet containing soybean hulls had greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of DM, GE, and TDF than the diet containing pistachio shell powder. The DE and metabolizable energy (ME) in the pistachio shell powder diet were less (P < 0.05) than in the basal diet and the diet containing soybean hulls. The ME in pistachio shells (2,606 kcal/kg DM) was also less (P < 0.05) than in soybean hulls (3,645 kcal/kg DM). When fed to lactating sows, ATTD of DM, GE, and TDF in the diet containing pistachio shell powder was less (P < 0.05) than in the diet containing soybean hulls or in the basal diet. The DE in the diet containing pistachio shell powder was also less (P < 0.05) than in the soybean hulls diet. The DE in pistachio shell powder (1,664 kcal/kg DM) was less (P < 0.05) than in soybean hulls (2,795 kcal/kg DM). In Exp. 2, the objective was to test the hypothesis that ATTD of GE and concentrations of DE in soybean meal (SBM) and soybean hulls are greater when fed to gestating sows or lactating sows than to growing pigs and that there is no difference between gestating and lactating sows in ATTD of GE. Three experimental diets were prepared. The basal diet consisted of corn as the sole source of energy and two additional diets contained corn and 30% SBM or corn and 20% soybean hulls. All diets were fed to growing pigs and gestating and lactating sows. Twenty-four growing pigs and twenty-four gestating sows were housed in metabolism crates and fecal and urine samples were quantitatively collected. Twenty-four lactating sows were housed in farrowing crates and feces were grab-sampled. The ATTD of GE, DE, and ME were calculated in diets fed to growing pigs and gestating sows, and DE and ME in SBM and soybean hulls were calculated as well. The ATTD of GE and DE were also calculated in diets fed to lactating sows and DE was calculated in SBM and soybean hulls. Results from growing pigs indicated that DE and ME were greater (P < 0.05) in corn and SBM compared with soybean hulls. For gestating sows, DE in corn and SBM was also greater (P < 0.05) than in soybean hulls and ME in corn was greater (P < 0.05) than in SBM; whereas, soybean hulls had the least (P < 0.05) ME. Results for lactating sows indicated that DE in corn and SBM was greater (P < 0.05) than in soybean hulls, but lactating sows had greater (P < 0.05) DE in soybean hulls than gestating sows; whereas, gestating sows had greater (P < 0.05) DE in corn than lactating sows. The ME in corn was greater (P < 0.05) in gestating sows than growing pigs; whereas, growing pigs had greater (P < 0.05) ME in SBM than gestating sows. In conclusion, the ATTD of DM and GE and the DE in pistachio shell powder were less than in soybean hulls, therefore, inclusion in lactation diets needs to be limited. Soybean hulls contain less DE and ME than corn and SBM, but there are no consistent differences in DE and ME among growing pigs, gestating, and lactating sows.

Name thesis:degree_name

M.S.

Level thesis:degree_level

Thesis

Discipline thesis:degree_discipline

Nutritional Sciences

Grantor

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Year dc:date

2025

Author dc:creator

• Kim, Yeonwoo

Contributors dc:contributor

• Stein, Hans H
• Murphy, Michael R
• Emmert, Jason L

• digestibility
• energy
• fiber
• pistachio shell powder
• soybean meals
• soybean hulls

Statement dc:rights

• © 2025 Yeonwoo Kim

Language dc:language

en, eng

Handle dc:identifier

https://hdl.handle.net/2142/129297

OAI record oai:identifier

https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh?verb=GetRecord&metadataPrefix=etdms&identifier=oai%3Awww.ideals.illinois.edu%3A2142%2F129297