Novel faiths: nonsecular fiction in the late-nineteenth-century U.S.

My dissertation, “Novel Faiths: Nonsecular Fiction in the Late-Nineteenth-Century U.S.,” presents a new theory of the novel genre using an archive seldom put to such ends: late-nineteenth-century America’s outpouring of popular religious fiction. For many scholars, the novel form and the period after the Civil War share a defining trait: they are uniquely modern, and that modernity rests in part upon their secularity, or turn away from shared religious worldviews. I argue instead that the mid- to late-nineteenth-century U.S. novel could be, and often was, consciously oriented toward modernity and the nonsecular. My theory of the novel centers on the genre’s formal and epistemological flexibility, its ability to represent characters’ experiences of multiple possible realities, both worldly and transcendent. I contend that, for this flexibility, the novel was a key testing ground for new Protestant beliefs emerging in the late nineteenth century—beliefs that responded experimentally to social and intellectual upheavals like the rise of Darwinian evolution, the death toll of the Civil War, and the social ills of industrialization. Using the characters’ patterns of belief as models, the religious novels taught their readers how to move between faith and empiricism, straddling knowledges and hybridizing worldviews that might otherwise seem at odds. These arguments about religious fiction have two implications for literary study. First, my project underscores how white Protestant traditions have historically asserted—and still assert—exclusionary power in the U.S. public sphere. I ask literary study to confront the reasons that the Protestant center of U.S. culture and literary-religious histories has endured for so long. At the same time, I also consider nineteenth-century religions as meaningful generators of worldviews, whose political consequences and cultural resonances were far from uniform. To this point, my project showcases how marginalized demographics, including women and racial minorities, have long used faiths to resist oppressive social structures and build communities. In Chapter One I examine Protestant responses to midcentury theories of natural selection through novels published just before and after Darwin’s _On the Origin of Species_ (1859) by Harriet Beecher Stowe and Oliver Wendell Holmes. In these two texts, questions of theological and genetic determinism intertwine. I analyze the complex storytelling techniques that allow the texts to promote liberal Protestant over orthodox Calvinist responses. In Chapter Two, I focus on Spiritualism, an immensely popular movement devoted to speaking with the dead that gained new appeal after the Civil War. I read the sequels to Elizabeth Stuart Phelps’s Spiritualist bestseller _The Gates Ajar_ (1868) alongside novels on Spiritualism by canonical realists Henry James and William Dean Howells. I argue that Phelps reworks conventional theories of literary realism to acknowledge both material and spiritual realities. In Chapters Three and Four I shift my focus to the turn of the twentieth century. As I show in Chapter Three, American literary histories often present a personalized, eroticized “spirituality” as the modern alternative to organized religion. I counter this picture of religion in the U.S. by confronting, through Charles Sheldon’s bestselling Social Gospel novel _In His Steps_ (1896), the sociopolitical power of organized Protestantism and Protestant fiction at the turn of the century. Finally, as a counterpoint to this focus on white Protestantism’s power, in Chapter Four, I theorize a popular African American religious movement, Ethiopianism, as it responds to questions about turn-of-the-century African Americans’ fitness for future leadership. The Ethiopianist novels I analyze imagine the glorified Africa of biblical tradition being radically restored in their own day. In doing so, I argue, they present a radical alternative to visions of the U.S.’s secularization, creating a nonsecular basis for African American pride and solidarity.

Name thesis:degree_name

Ph.D.

Level thesis:degree_level

Dissertation

Discipline thesis:degree_discipline

English

Grantor

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Year dc:date

2018

Author dc:creator

• Hedlin, Christine

Contributors dc:contributor

• Murison, Justine S.
• Ebel, Jonathan
• Foote, Stephanie
• Hutner, Gordon

• American literature
• U.S. literature
• religion
• secularity
• secularism
• nineteenth century
• novel
• fiction
• Protestant
• American literary history
• Spiritualism
• Ethiopianism
• Social Gospel
• African American
• faith
• postbellum
• realism
• women's fiction
• Harriet Beecher Stowe
• Oliver Wendell Holmes
• Elizabeth Stuart Phelps
• Henry James
• William Dean Howells
• Charles Sheldon
• Kate Chopin
• Harold Frederic
• Pauline Hopkins
• John Bruce
• Sutton Griggs

Statement dc:rights

• Copyright Christine Hedlin 2018

Language dc:language

en

Handle dc:identifier

http://hdl.handle.net/2142/101667

OAI identifier oai:identifier

oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/101667