Study of T cell activation and migration at the single-cell and single-molecule level

T cells are required by their immunological roles to recirculate in the body and migrate to tissue sites, a journey that exposes them to distorting forces and physical obstacles that hinder their movement. Therefore, they must possess appropriate deformability to accommodate and adapt to these mechanical stimuli to migrate unimpeded. Since T cells alter their physical properties and migration routes upon activation, they may possess dissimilar mechanical properties as a result of this process. This hypothesis was tested using the techniques micropipette aspiration and atomic force microscopy, which allow the investigation of the elastic and viscous responses of single T cells. It was discovered that the activation process reduced T cell stiffness by more than three folds, a finding that agrees with the motility gain observed in activated T cells. The same testing procedure was applied to Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp)-deficient T cells that exhibit abnormal morphology and impaired chemotaxis. The stiffness of the diseased cells in the naive state was 1.5 times less than that of the non-diseased cells, a result that may be due to the disrupted polymerization and cross-linking of the actin cytoskeleton in the absence of WASp, a regulator of actin growth and organization. Furthermore, the viscous response of the diseased cells in the activated state was found to be impaired. Chemokines were found to dramatically reduce the stiffness of naive T cells that were induced to migrate. These findings suggest that WASp plays an important role in maintaining cell mechanical property and facilitating T cell extravasation by tailoring the cells' deformability. At the molecular level, activation of T cells is triggered by the binding of their surface receptors to antigens, a mechanism that is also key in T cell development. In both cases, the bond strength, conventionally measured by the affinity (KD) or the dissociation rate (koff) of the interacting pair, dictates the biological outcome. Since a few weak interactions may nudge a sub-threshold signal over the threshold strength, and observing that the current methods for measuring KD and koff lack the resolution to detect very weak bonds, this work explored the possibility of utilizing dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS) to study very weak binding strengths. Preliminary results confirm this capability.

Department dc:contributor.department

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering.

Grantor dc:publisher

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Year dc:date.issued

2011

Author dc:creator

• Chang, Irene Yin-Ting

Advisor dc:contributor.advisor

• Jianzhu Chen and Subra Suresh.

• Materials Science and Engineering.

Statement dc:rights

• M.I.T. theses are protected by copyright. They may be viewed from this source for any purpose, but reproduction or distribution in any format is prohibited without written permission. See provided URL for inquiries about permission.

Licence dc:rights.uri

• http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/7582

Language dc:language.iso

eng

Handle dc:identifier.uri

http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69663

OAI identifier oai:identifier

oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/69663