Mechanistic studies on palladium-catalyzed carbon-nitrogen bond forming reactions

Precatalyst species present in a solution of Pd₂(dba)₃ and Xantphos were identified as Pd(Xantphos)(dba) and Pd(Xantphos)₂ by use of ³¹p NMR and independent syntheses. Pd(Xantphos)₂ was found to form at high ligand concentrations. To determine whether the formation of this species affected reaction rates, reaction calorimetry was used to explore the rate of the palladium-catalyzed coupling of 4-t-butylbromobenzene and morpholine using the ligand Xantphos at varying palladium to ligand ratios. It was found that catalyst activity is dramatically dependent on the concentration of ligand relative to palladium, due to formation of Pd(Xantphos)₂. Two plausible hypotheses for the low activity of Pd(Xantphos)₂ as a precatalyst are (1) a slow rate of dissociation of a ligand from the bis-ligated species, and (2) the high degree of insolubility of Pd(Xantphos)₂. Magnetization transfer experiments were used to probe the rate of dissociation of ligand for the bis-ligated species, and reaction calorimetry experiments were performed using the more soluble t-butylXantphos in comparison to Xantphos to determine whether the insolubility of' Pd(Xantphos)₂ causes it to have relatively low activity. It was found that solubility is not the main cause for the low activity of Pd(Xantphos)₂, and evidence was given to support the hypothesis that low activity results from the slow dissociation of a ligand from the bis-ligated species.

Department dc:contributor.department

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Chemistry.

Grantor dc:publisher

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Year dc:date.issued

2005

Author dc:creator

• Klingensmith, Liane M. (Liane May)

Advisor dc:contributor.advisor

• Stephen L. Buchwald.

• Chemistry.

Statement dc:rights

• M.I.T. theses are protected by copyright. They may be viewed from this source for any purpose, but reproduction or distribution in any format is prohibited without written permission. See provided URL for inquiries about permission.

Licence dc:rights.uri

• http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/7582

Language dc:language.iso

eng

Handle dc:identifier.uri

http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32489

OAI identifier oai:identifier

oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/32489