{"id":{"repo_id":"york","oai_identifier":"oai:yorkspace.library.yorku.ca:10315/40716"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/york/oai:yorkspace.library.yorku.ca:10315/40716","repository":{"repo_id":"york","name":"York University","base_url":"https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Child-Led Emotion Regulation Behaviours during Toddler Vaccinations: Building Understanding through a Dyadic Lens","abstract":"Vaccination of infants and young children is a routine procedure requiring regulation of high distress. While infants rely heavily on their caregivers for regulating distress, in toddlerhood, children begin to build a repertoire of their own emotion regulation (ER) skills to modulate their distress. The current dissertation consists of three studies to better understand toddler-led ER during vaccination. Study 1 is a published systematic review and meta-analysis (Gennis et al., 2022) aimed at understanding the concurrent relationships between child-led ER behaviours and distress in the first three years of life. Findings indicated that disengagement of attention and physical self-soothing strategies were typically regulatory (i.e., had negative relationships with distress), whereas parent-focused behaviours (e.g., orienting to the caregiver) were associated with more distress, suggesting a signalling function to gain support. With the exception of physical self-soothing, which showed a clear negative association in the first year, relationships between regulatory behaviours and distress were strongest in the second year. Study 2 (Gennis, Flora, Norton et al., submitted) used auto-regressive cross-lagged models to assess the concurrent and predictive relationships between three child-led ER behaviour clusters (disengagement of attention, physical self-soothing, and parent-focused behaviours) and pain-related distress responses during 12- and 18-month vaccinations. Findings indicated that disengagement of attention and physical self-soothing generally had negative relationships with pain-related distress, suggesting a possible regulatory role, whereas parent-focused behaviours were related to higher pain-related distress, suggesting a signalling role for parent support. With the exception of physical self-soothing, relationships were generally stronger at 18 months. Study 3 (Gennis, Flora, McMurtry, et al., submitted) used growth curve modelling to understand the associations between child-led ER behaviours and the change in pain scores across the appointment (regulation) at 12- and 18- months, after accounting for parent regulatory behaviours and pre-needle distress. Pre-needle distress consistently predicted regulation and parent regulatory behaviours played an increasing role in older toddlers. Findings suggest that after accounting for pre-needle distress and parent regulatory behaviours, child-led parent-focused behaviours predicted less regulation post-needle. Children seek their parent when they are struggling to regulate, suggesting continued need to understand vaccination as a dyadic context.","abstract_html":"Vaccination of infants and young children is a routine procedure requiring regulation of high distress. While infants rely heavily on their caregivers for regulating distress, in toddlerhood, children begin to build a repertoire of their own emotion regulation (ER) skills to modulate their distress. The current dissertation consists of three studies to better understand toddler-led ER during vaccination. Study 1 is a published systematic review and meta-analysis (Gennis et al., 2022) aimed at understanding the concurrent relationships between child-led ER behaviours and distress in the first three years of life. Findings indicated that disengagement of attention and physical self-soothing strategies were typically regulatory (i.e., had negative relationships with distress), whereas parent-focused behaviours (e.g., orienting to the caregiver) were associated with more distress, suggesting a signalling function to gain support. With the exception of physical self-soothing, which showed a clear negative association in the first year, relationships between regulatory behaviours and distress were strongest in the second year. Study 2 (Gennis, Flora, Norton et al., submitted) used auto-regressive cross-lagged models to assess the concurrent and predictive relationships between three child-led ER behaviour clusters (disengagement of attention, physical self-soothing, and parent-focused behaviours) and pain-related distress responses during 12- and 18-month vaccinations. Findings indicated that disengagement of attention and physical self-soothing generally had negative relationships with pain-related distress, suggesting a possible regulatory role, whereas parent-focused behaviours were related to higher pain-related distress, suggesting a signalling role for parent support. With the exception of physical self-soothing, relationships were generally stronger at 18 months. Study 3 (Gennis, Flora, McMurtry, et al., submitted) used growth curve modelling to understand the associations between child-led ER behaviours and the change in pain scores across the appointment (regulation) at 12- and 18- months, after accounting for parent regulatory behaviours and pre-needle distress. Pre-needle distress consistently predicted regulation and parent regulatory behaviours played an increasing role in older toddlers. Findings suggest that after accounting for pre-needle distress and parent regulatory behaviours, child-led parent-focused behaviours predicted less regulation post-needle. Children seek their parent when they are struggling to regulate, suggesting continued need to understand vaccination as a dyadic context.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Gennis, Hannah Gabrielle"],"institution":null,"degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":["Riddell, Rebecca"],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2022,"date_issued":"2022-12-14","date_published":"2022-12-14","updated_at":"2026-07-24T06:33:53Z","subjects":["Developmental psychology","Clinical psychology","Psychology"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["Author owns copyright, except where explicitly noted. Please contact the author directly with licensing requests."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10315/40716","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.advisor","label":"Advisor","values":["Riddell, Rebecca"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Gennis, Hannah Gabrielle"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2022-12-14T16:35:18Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2022-12-14T16:35:18Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2022-12-14"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Electronic Thesis or Dissertation"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Developmental psychology","Clinical psychology","Psychology"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Author owns copyright, except where explicitly noted. Please contact the author directly with licensing requests."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10315/40716"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Vaccination of infants and young children is a routine procedure requiring regulation of high distress. While infants rely heavily on their caregivers for regulating distress, in toddlerhood, children begin to build a repertoire of their own emotion regulation (ER) skills to modulate their distress. The current dissertation consists of three studies to better understand toddler-led ER during vaccination. Study 1 is a published systematic review and meta-analysis (Gennis et al., 2022) aimed at understanding the concurrent relationships between child-led ER behaviours and distress in the first three years of life. Findings indicated that disengagement of attention and physical self-soothing strategies were typically regulatory (i.e., had negative relationships with distress), whereas parent-focused behaviours (e.g., orienting to the caregiver) were associated with more distress, suggesting a signalling function to gain support. With the exception of physical self-soothing, which showed a clear negative association in the first year, relationships between regulatory behaviours and distress were strongest in the second year. Study 2 (Gennis, Flora, Norton et al., submitted) used auto-regressive cross-lagged models to assess the concurrent and predictive relationships between three child-led ER behaviour clusters (disengagement of attention, physical self-soothing, and parent-focused behaviours) and pain-related distress responses during 12- and 18-month vaccinations. Findings indicated that disengagement of attention and physical self-soothing generally had negative relationships with pain-related distress, suggesting a possible regulatory role, whereas parent-focused behaviours were related to higher pain-related distress, suggesting a signalling role for parent support. With the exception of physical self-soothing, relationships were generally stronger at 18 months. Study 3 (Gennis, Flora, McMurtry, et al., submitted) used growth curve modelling to understand the associations between child-led ER behaviours and the change in pain scores across the appointment (regulation) at 12- and 18- months, after accounting for parent regulatory behaviours and pre-needle distress. Pre-needle distress consistently predicted regulation and parent regulatory behaviours played an increasing role in older toddlers. Findings suggest that after accounting for pre-needle distress and parent regulatory behaviours, child-led parent-focused behaviours predicted less regulation post-needle. Children seek their parent when they are struggling to regulate, suggesting continued need to understand vaccination as a dyadic context."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Child-Led Emotion Regulation Behaviours during Toddler Vaccinations: Building Understanding through a Dyadic Lens"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.advisor":["Riddell, Rebecca"],"dc:creator":["Gennis, Hannah Gabrielle"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2022-12-14T16:35:18Z"],"dc:date.available":["2022-12-14T16:35:18Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2022-12-14"],"dc:description.abstract":["Vaccination of infants and young children is a routine procedure requiring regulation of high distress. While infants rely heavily on their caregivers for regulating distress, in toddlerhood, children begin to build a repertoire of their own emotion regulation (ER) skills to modulate their distress. The current dissertation consists of three studies to better understand toddler-led ER during vaccination. Study 1 is a published systematic review and meta-analysis (Gennis et al., 2022) aimed at understanding the concurrent relationships between child-led ER behaviours and distress in the first three years of life. Findings indicated that disengagement of attention and physical self-soothing strategies were typically regulatory (i.e., had negative relationships with distress), whereas parent-focused behaviours (e.g., orienting to the caregiver) were associated with more distress, suggesting a signalling function to gain support. With the exception of physical self-soothing, which showed a clear negative association in the first year, relationships between regulatory behaviours and distress were strongest in the second year. Study 2 (Gennis, Flora, Norton et al., submitted) used auto-regressive cross-lagged models to assess the concurrent and predictive relationships between three child-led ER behaviour clusters (disengagement of attention, physical self-soothing, and parent-focused behaviours) and pain-related distress responses during 12- and 18-month vaccinations. Findings indicated that disengagement of attention and physical self-soothing generally had negative relationships with pain-related distress, suggesting a possible regulatory role, whereas parent-focused behaviours were related to higher pain-related distress, suggesting a signalling role for parent support. With the exception of physical self-soothing, relationships were generally stronger at 18 months. Study 3 (Gennis, Flora, McMurtry, et al., submitted) used growth curve modelling to understand the associations between child-led ER behaviours and the change in pain scores across the appointment (regulation) at 12- and 18- months, after accounting for parent regulatory behaviours and pre-needle distress. Pre-needle distress consistently predicted regulation and parent regulatory behaviours played an increasing role in older toddlers. Findings suggest that after accounting for pre-needle distress and parent regulatory behaviours, child-led parent-focused behaviours predicted less regulation post-needle. Children seek their parent when they are struggling to regulate, suggesting continued need to understand vaccination as a dyadic context."],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/10315/40716"],"dc:language":["en"],"dc:rights":["Author owns copyright, except where explicitly noted. Please contact the author directly with licensing requests."],"dc:subject":["Developmental psychology","Clinical psychology","Psychology"],"dc:title":["Child-Led Emotion Regulation Behaviours during Toddler Vaccinations: Building Understanding through a Dyadic Lens"],"dc:type":["Electronic Thesis or Dissertation"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T06:33:53Z"}