4-Ethylphenol (4-EP) is a malodorant of swine waste and is derived from a component of lignin called p-coumaric acid (p-CA). The production of 4-EP from lignin in swine waste is untested. Additionally, the effect of Fe (III) on 4-EP levels is unknown. Four experiments were performed to determine if Lactobacillus sp. pep8 cultures, as well as enriched swine lagoon slurries, could liberate p-CA from lignin and convert p-CA to 4-EP. Furthermore, it was tested if the addition of Fe (III) influences the conversion of p- CA to 4-EP.
Experiment 1 tested Lactobacillus sp. pep8 cultures to determine if the addition of 10 mM Fe (III) and 0.2% sulphite lignin to Lactobacillussp. pep8 cultures would stimulate production of 4-EP.
Experiment 2 tested the effect of 0.2% sulphite lignin and 10 mM Fe (III) on 4-EP production in the presence of enriched swine lagoon slurries. On day 0 there was no detectable 4‐EP, for either 0.2% sulphite lignin addition or the 10 mmol l‐1 Fe (III) additions.
Experiment 3 tested alternative forms of lignin, including 0.2% sulphite, indulin, or sigma lignin as potential source compounds for 4-EP production in enriched swine lagoon slurries. 4-EP produced in all three conditions are likely endogenous to the lagoon slurry additions.
Experiment 4 was designed to measure the degradation of exogenous 4-EP with varying final concentrations of 4-EP in enriched swine lagoon slurries. Data in Figure 7 indicate immediate degradation of 4-EP by day 5, however, by day 7 synthesis of 4-EP occurred until day 14 where 4-EP levels remained in a steady state.
Our results suggest that when both Lactobacillus sp. pep8 cultures and enriched swine lagoons are supplemented with p-CA, 4-EP is produced indicating that p-CA serves as a source of 4-EP. However, when supplemented with Fe (III) and/or sulphite, indulin, or sigma lignin, 4-EP production was not stimulated. This data indicates that, 4- EP production is not enhanced by the presence of Fe (III) in either Lactobacillus sp. pep8 cultures or in enriched swine lagoon slurries. Furthermore, lignin did not serve as a source of 4-EP.
","abstract_html":"<p>4-Ethylphenol (4-EP) is a malodorant of swine waste and is derived from a component of lignin called p-coumaric acid (p-CA). The production of 4-EP from lignin in swine waste is untested. Additionally, the effect of Fe (III) on 4-EP levels is unknown. Four experiments were performed to determine if <em>Lactobacillus </em>sp. pep8 cultures, as well as enriched swine lagoon slurries, could liberate p-CA from lignin and convert p-CA to 4-EP. Furthermore, it was tested if the addition of Fe (III) influences the conversion of p- CA to 4-EP.</p> <p>Experiment 1 tested <em>Lactobacillus</em> sp. pep8 cultures to determine if the addition of 10 mM Fe (III) and 0.2% sulphite lignin to <em>Lactobacillus</em>sp. pep8 cultures would stimulate production of 4-EP.</p> <p>Experiment 2 tested the effect of 0.2% sulphite lignin and 10 mM Fe (III) on 4-EP production in the presence of enriched swine lagoon slurries. On day 0 there was no detectable 4‐EP, for either 0.2% sulphite lignin addition or the 10 mmol l‐1 Fe (III) additions.</p> <p>Experiment 3 tested alternative forms of lignin, including 0.2% sulphite, indulin, or sigma lignin as potential source compounds for 4-EP production in enriched swine lagoon slurries. 4-EP produced in all three conditions are likely endogenous to the lagoon slurry additions.</p> <p>Experiment 4 was designed to measure the degradation of exogenous 4-EP with varying final concentrations of 4-EP in enriched swine lagoon slurries. Data in Figure 7 indicate immediate degradation of 4-EP by day 5, however, by day 7 synthesis of 4-EP occurred until day 14 where 4-EP levels remained in a steady state.</p> <p>Our results suggest that when both <em>Lactobacillus</em> sp. pep8 cultures and enriched swine lagoons are supplemented with p-CA, 4-EP is produced indicating that p-CA serves as a source of 4-EP. However, when supplemented with Fe (III) and/or sulphite, indulin, or sigma lignin, 4-EP production was not stimulated. This data indicates that, 4- EP production is not enhanced by the presence of Fe (III) in either <em>Lactobacillus</em> sp. pep8 cultures or in enriched swine lagoon slurries. Furthermore, lignin did not serve as a source of 4-EP.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Copp, Clinton W."],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":"Department of Biology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Dr. Kinchel Doerner (Director), Dr. Rodney King, Dr. Claire Rinehart"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2012,"date_issued":"2012-08-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2012-08-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T06:08:16Z","subjects":["4-Methylphenol","3-Methylindole","p-Coumaric Acid","Animal Sciences","Bacteriology","Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Ecology"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1189","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Dr. Kinchel Doerner (Director), Dr. Rodney King, Dr. Claire Rinehart"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Copp, Clinton W."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Department of Biology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["4-Methylphenol","3-Methylindole","p-Coumaric Acid","Animal Sciences","Bacteriology","Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Ecology"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1189"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["4-Ethylphenol (4-EP) is a malodorant of swine waste and is derived from a component of lignin called p-coumaric acid (p-CA). The production of 4-EP from lignin in swine waste is untested. Additionally, the effect of Fe (III) on 4-EP levels is unknown. Four experiments were performed to determine if Lactobacillus sp. pep8 cultures, as well as enriched swine lagoon slurries, could liberate p-CA from lignin and convert p-CA to 4-EP. Furthermore, it was tested if the addition of Fe (III) influences the conversion of p- CA to 4-EP.
Experiment 1 tested Lactobacillus sp. pep8 cultures to determine if the addition of 10 mM Fe (III) and 0.2% sulphite lignin to Lactobacillussp. pep8 cultures would stimulate production of 4-EP.
Experiment 2 tested the effect of 0.2% sulphite lignin and 10 mM Fe (III) on 4-EP production in the presence of enriched swine lagoon slurries. On day 0 there was no detectable 4‐EP, for either 0.2% sulphite lignin addition or the 10 mmol l‐1 Fe (III) additions.
Experiment 3 tested alternative forms of lignin, including 0.2% sulphite, indulin, or sigma lignin as potential source compounds for 4-EP production in enriched swine lagoon slurries. 4-EP produced in all three conditions are likely endogenous to the lagoon slurry additions.
Experiment 4 was designed to measure the degradation of exogenous 4-EP with varying final concentrations of 4-EP in enriched swine lagoon slurries. Data in Figure 7 indicate immediate degradation of 4-EP by day 5, however, by day 7 synthesis of 4-EP occurred until day 14 where 4-EP levels remained in a steady state.
Our results suggest that when both Lactobacillus sp. pep8 cultures and enriched swine lagoons are supplemented with p-CA, 4-EP is produced indicating that p-CA serves as a source of 4-EP. However, when supplemented with Fe (III) and/or sulphite, indulin, or sigma lignin, 4-EP production was not stimulated. This data indicates that, 4- EP production is not enhanced by the presence of Fe (III) in either Lactobacillus sp. pep8 cultures or in enriched swine lagoon slurries. Furthermore, lignin did not serve as a source of 4-EP.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Production and Degradation of 4-Ethylphenol in LACTOBACILLUS SP. pep8 Cultures and in Blended Swine Lagoon Enrichments"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Dr. Kinchel Doerner (Director), Dr. Rodney King, Dr. Claire Rinehart"],"dc:creator":["Copp, Clinton W."],"dc:description.abstract":["4-Ethylphenol (4-EP) is a malodorant of swine waste and is derived from a component of lignin called p-coumaric acid (p-CA). The production of 4-EP from lignin in swine waste is untested. Additionally, the effect of Fe (III) on 4-EP levels is unknown. Four experiments were performed to determine if Lactobacillus sp. pep8 cultures, as well as enriched swine lagoon slurries, could liberate p-CA from lignin and convert p-CA to 4-EP. Furthermore, it was tested if the addition of Fe (III) influences the conversion of p- CA to 4-EP.
Experiment 1 tested Lactobacillus sp. pep8 cultures to determine if the addition of 10 mM Fe (III) and 0.2% sulphite lignin to Lactobacillussp. pep8 cultures would stimulate production of 4-EP.
Experiment 2 tested the effect of 0.2% sulphite lignin and 10 mM Fe (III) on 4-EP production in the presence of enriched swine lagoon slurries. On day 0 there was no detectable 4‐EP, for either 0.2% sulphite lignin addition or the 10 mmol l‐1 Fe (III) additions.
Experiment 3 tested alternative forms of lignin, including 0.2% sulphite, indulin, or sigma lignin as potential source compounds for 4-EP production in enriched swine lagoon slurries. 4-EP produced in all three conditions are likely endogenous to the lagoon slurry additions.
Experiment 4 was designed to measure the degradation of exogenous 4-EP with varying final concentrations of 4-EP in enriched swine lagoon slurries. Data in Figure 7 indicate immediate degradation of 4-EP by day 5, however, by day 7 synthesis of 4-EP occurred until day 14 where 4-EP levels remained in a steady state.
Our results suggest that when both Lactobacillus sp. pep8 cultures and enriched swine lagoons are supplemented with p-CA, 4-EP is produced indicating that p-CA serves as a source of 4-EP. However, when supplemented with Fe (III) and/or sulphite, indulin, or sigma lignin, 4-EP production was not stimulated. This data indicates that, 4- EP production is not enhanced by the presence of Fe (III) in either Lactobacillus sp. pep8 cultures or in enriched swine lagoon slurries. Furthermore, lignin did not serve as a source of 4-EP.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1189"],"dc:subject":["4-Methylphenol","3-Methylindole","p-Coumaric Acid","Animal Sciences","Bacteriology","Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Ecology"],"dc:title":["Production and Degradation of 4-Ethylphenol in LACTOBACILLUS SP. pep8 Cultures and in Blended Swine Lagoon Enrichments"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Department of Biology"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T06:08:16Z"}