{"id":{"repo_id":"wku-diss","oai_identifier":"oai:digitalcommons.wku.edu:theses-1071"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/wku-diss/oai:digitalcommons.wku.edu:theses-1071","repository":{"repo_id":"wku-diss","name":"Western Kentucky University","base_url":"https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/do/oai/"},"display":{"title":"The Impact of Westernization on Tongan Cultural Values Related to Business","abstract":"This study examined the impact of Westernization on Tongan cultural values (Collectivism I, Collectivism II, Power Distance, Future Orientation, and Uncertainty Avoidance) related to business. A Tongan version of the Project GLOBE Beta Questionnaire measuring cultural dimensions at the societal level was completed by 222 Tongans from the island groups of Vava’u, Ha’apai, and Niuatoputapu. One-way ANOVA and planned comparison results indicated significant differences for Collectivism II and Uncertainty Avoidance. Scores from Vava’u showed significantly less Collectivism II than Ha’apai, but not Niuatoputapu. Furthermore, scores from Vava’u showed significantly less Uncertainty Avoidance than Ha’apai and Niuatoputapu. No significant differences were found between Ha’apai and Niuatoputapu on any of the cultural dimensions in this study. The results of this study indicate the cultural dimension scores in one of Tonga’s more populated and technologically advanced island groups are beginning to reflect the values of Western culture. Implications for organizations planning to conduct business in Tonga are discussed.","abstract_html":"This study examined the impact of Westernization on Tongan cultural values (Collectivism I, Collectivism II, Power Distance, Future Orientation, and Uncertainty Avoidance) related to business. A Tongan version of the Project GLOBE Beta Questionnaire measuring cultural dimensions at the societal level was completed by 222 Tongans from the island groups of Vava’u, Ha’apai, and Niuatoputapu. One-way ANOVA and planned comparison results indicated significant differences for Collectivism II and Uncertainty Avoidance. Scores from Vava’u showed significantly less Collectivism II than Ha’apai, but not Niuatoputapu. Furthermore, scores from Vava’u showed significantly less Uncertainty Avoidance than Ha’apai and Niuatoputapu. No significant differences were found between Ha’apai and Niuatoputapu on any of the cultural dimensions in this study. The results of this study indicate the cultural dimension scores in one of Tonga’s more populated and technologically advanced island groups are beginning to reflect the values of Western culture. Implications for organizations planning to conduct business in Tonga are discussed.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Ross, Lucas Nelson"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Arts","degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":"Department of Psychology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Dr. Tony Paquin (Director), Dr. Betsy Shoenfelt,Dr. Reagan Brown"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2009,"date_issued":"2009-05-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2009-05-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T06:07:03Z","subjects":["Tonga","international business","cultural values","Business","Psychology","Social Psychology"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/69","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Dr. Tony Paquin (Director), Dr. Betsy Shoenfelt,Dr. Reagan Brown"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Ross, Lucas Nelson"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Department of Psychology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Arts"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Tonga","international business","cultural values","Business","Psychology","Social Psychology"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/69"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["This study examined the impact of Westernization on Tongan cultural values (Collectivism I, Collectivism II, Power Distance, Future Orientation, and Uncertainty Avoidance) related to business. A Tongan version of the Project GLOBE Beta Questionnaire measuring cultural dimensions at the societal level was completed by 222 Tongans from the island groups of Vava’u, Ha’apai, and Niuatoputapu. One-way ANOVA and planned comparison results indicated significant differences for Collectivism II and Uncertainty Avoidance. Scores from Vava’u showed significantly less Collectivism II than Ha’apai, but not Niuatoputapu. Furthermore, scores from Vava’u showed significantly less Uncertainty Avoidance than Ha’apai and Niuatoputapu. No significant differences were found between Ha’apai and Niuatoputapu on any of the cultural dimensions in this study. The results of this study indicate the cultural dimension scores in one of Tonga’s more populated and technologically advanced island groups are beginning to reflect the values of Western culture. Implications for organizations planning to conduct business in Tonga are discussed."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The Impact of Westernization on Tongan Cultural Values Related to Business"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Dr. Tony Paquin (Director), Dr. Betsy Shoenfelt,Dr. Reagan Brown"],"dc:creator":["Ross, Lucas Nelson"],"dc:description.abstract":["This study examined the impact of Westernization on Tongan cultural values (Collectivism I, Collectivism II, Power Distance, Future Orientation, and Uncertainty Avoidance) related to business. A Tongan version of the Project GLOBE Beta Questionnaire measuring cultural dimensions at the societal level was completed by 222 Tongans from the island groups of Vava’u, Ha’apai, and Niuatoputapu. One-way ANOVA and planned comparison results indicated significant differences for Collectivism II and Uncertainty Avoidance. Scores from Vava’u showed significantly less Collectivism II than Ha’apai, but not Niuatoputapu. Furthermore, scores from Vava’u showed significantly less Uncertainty Avoidance than Ha’apai and Niuatoputapu. No significant differences were found between Ha’apai and Niuatoputapu on any of the cultural dimensions in this study. The results of this study indicate the cultural dimension scores in one of Tonga’s more populated and technologically advanced island groups are beginning to reflect the values of Western culture. Implications for organizations planning to conduct business in Tonga are discussed."],"dc:identifier":["https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/69"],"dc:subject":["Tonga","international business","cultural values","Business","Psychology","Social Psychology"],"dc:title":["The Impact of Westernization on Tongan Cultural Values Related to Business"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Department of Psychology"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Arts"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T06:07:03Z"}