Fluoride-free synthesis of two-dimensional titanium carbide based MXene (Ti3C2Tx)
Hydrogen production through water splitting requires efficient and environmentally responsible catalytic materials and synthesis methods. Among emerging candidates, MXenes have gained attention as two-dimensional materials with strong potential for electrochemical and photochemical energy applications. However, conventional MXene synthesis commonly relies on hydrofluoric acid (HF), which presents significant safety and environmental concerns. This work investigates an alternative MXene synthesis approach using hydrochloric acid (HCl)-based electrochemical etching to reduce process hazards while maintaining material performance. The study systematically examines the effects of electrochemical etching potential and HCl concentration on MXene formation and quality. Additional post-treatment processes using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and a mixed tetramethylammonium hydroxide/ammonium chloride (TMAOH/NH₄Cl) solution are also evaluated. The synthesized materials are characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze morphology and structural features. Catalytic performance relevant to renewable energy applications is assessed through linear sweep voltammetry and photocurrent measurements. The results establish relationships between synthesis conditions, material structure, and electrochemical behavior, contributing to improved understanding of safer MXene synthesis routes and their suitability for energy-related catalytic applications.
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