Electrochemical energy conversion using metal hydrides hydrogen storage materials
Metal hydrides hydrogen storage materials have the ability to reversibly absorb and release large amounts of hydrogen at low temperature and pressure. In this study, metal hydride materials employed as negative electrodes in Ni-MH batteries are investigated. Attention is on AB5 alloys due to their intermediate thermodynamic properties. However, AB5 alloys a have tendency of forming oxide film on their surface which inhibits hydrogendissociation and penetration into interstitial sites leading to reduced capacity. To redeem this, the materials were micro-encapsulated by electroless deposition with immersion in Pd and Pt baths. PGMs were found to increase activation, electrochemical activity and H2 sorption kinetics of the MH alloys. Between the two catalysts the one which displayed better performance was chosen. The materials were characterized by X-ray difractommetry, and the alloys presented hexagonal CaCu 5–type structure of symmetry P6/mmm. No extra phases were found, all the modified electrodes displayed the same behavior as the parent material. No shift or change in peaks which corresponded to Pd or Pt were observed. Scanning Electron Microscopy showed surface morphology of the materials modified with Pd and Pt particles, the effect of using different reducing agents (i.e ., N2H4 and NaH2PO2), and alloys functionalized with γ-aminosopropyltrietheosilane solution prior to Pd deposition. From all the surface modified alloys, Pt and Pd particles were observed on the surface of the AB5 alloys. Surface modification without pre-functionalization had non-uniform coatings, but the pre- functionalized exhibited more uniform coatings. Energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy determined loading of the Pt and Pd on the surface of all the alloys, and the results were as follows: EDS ( Pt 13.41and Pd 31.08wt%), AAS (Pt 0.11 and Pd 0.78wt%). Checking effect of using different reducing agents N2H4 and NaH2PO2 for electroless Pd plating the results were as follows: EDS (AB5_N2H4_Pd- 7.57 and AB 5_NaH2PO2_Pd- 31.08wt%), AAS (AB5_N2H4_Pd- 11.27 and AB5_NaH2PO2_Pd- 0.78wt%). For the AB5 alloyspre-unctionalized with γ-APTES, the results were: EDS (10.24wt%) and AAS (0.34wt%). Electrochemical characterization was carried out by charge/discharge cycling controlled via potential to test the AB5 alloy. Overpotential for unmodified, Pt and Pd modified electrodes were-1.1V, -1.24V, and -1.60V, respectively. Both modified electrodes showed discharge overpotentials at lower values implying higher specific power for the battery in comparison with the unmodified electrodes. However, Pd electrode exhibited higher specific power than Pt. To check the effect of the reducing agent the results were as follows: AB5_ N2H4_Pd (0.4V) and AB5_NaH2PO2_Pd (-0.2V), sodium hypophosphite based alloy showing lower overpotential values, implying it had higher specific power than hydrazine based bath. Alloy pre-functionalized with γ-APTES, the overpotential was (0.28V), which was higher than -0.2V of the alloy without pre-functionalization, which means pre-functionalization with γ-APTES did not improve the performance of the alloy electrode. Polarization resistance of the electrodes was investigated with Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. The unmodified alloy showed high resistance of 21.6884 while, both Pt and Pd modified electrodes exhibited decrease 14.7397 and 12.1061 respectively, showing increase in charge transfer for the modified electrodes. Investigating the effect of the reducing agent, the alloys exhibited the following results: (N2H497.8619 and NaH2PO212.1061 ) based bath. Alloy pre-functionalized with γ-APTES displayed the resistance of 9.3128. Cyclic Voltammetry was also used to study the electrochemical activity of the alloy electrodes. The voltammograms obtained displayed the anodic current peak at -0.64V to -0.65V for the Pt and Pd modified electrodes, respectively. Furthermore, the electrode which was not coated with Pt or Pd the current peak occurred at -0.59V. The Pd and Pt coated alloy electrodes represented lower discharge overpotentials, which are important to improve the battery performance. Similar results were also observed with alloy electrodes Pd modified using N2H4(-0.64V) and NaH2PO2(-0.65V). For the electrode modified with and without γ-APTES the over potentials were thesame (-0.65V). PGM deposition has shown to significantly improve activation and hydrogen sorption performance and increased the electro-catalytic activity of these alloy electrodes. Modified electrodes gave better performance than the unmodified electrodes. As a result, Pd was chosen as the better catalyst for the modification of AB5 alloy. Based on the results, it was concluded that Pd electroless plated using NaH2PO2 reducing agent had better performance than electroless plating using N2H4 as the reducing agent. Alloy electrode pre-functionalized with γ-APTES gave inconsistent results, and this phenomenon needs to be further investigated. In conclusion, the alloy modified with Pd employing NaH 2PO2 usased electroless plating bath exhibited consistent results, and was found to be suitable candidate for use in Ni-MH batteries
Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations