The Sawilosky's I-Test was developed to as an alternative method to evaluate construct validity, more specifically, in regards to the Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix designed by Campbell and Fiske (1959). Typically, researchers use a method by Campbell and Fiske that involves a subjective “physical” look at the matrix to determine validity. Sawilowsky’s I-Test offers a statistical approach that incorporates the current practice but removes the subjectivity involved in this process.
There are only two existing studies that look at the I-Test, Sawilowsky in 2002 and Cuzzocrea in 2007. Both studies found that although the I-Test is not a perfect statistic, it provides an objective method to analyze a Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix when looking at construct validity. Neither of these studies used raw data to test this statistic. This study collected data in attempt to use a “real world” application of this statistics and provide additional research on this statistic’s potential application.
The Sawilowsky I-test has the potential for testing construct validity in studies with criminal populations. Although this findings did not support construct validity, there was some potential (CDF=.18) for evidence of construct validity. Future studies should include demographics and consider using the expanded scales as they were originally developed.
","abstract_html":"<p>The Sawilosky's I-Test was developed to as an alternative method to evaluate construct validity, more specifically, in regards to the Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix designed by Campbell and Fiske (1959). Typically, researchers use a method by Campbell and Fiske that involves a subjective “physical” look at the matrix to determine validity. Sawilowsky’s I-Test offers a statistical approach that incorporates the current practice but removes the subjectivity involved in this process. </p> <p>There are only two existing studies that look at the I-Test, Sawilowsky in 2002 and Cuzzocrea in 2007. Both studies found that although the I-Test is not a perfect statistic, it provides an objective method to analyze a Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix when looking at construct validity. Neither of these studies used raw data to test this statistic. This study collected data in attempt to use a “real world” application of this statistics and provide additional research on this statistic’s potential application. </p> <p>The Sawilowsky I-test has the potential for testing construct validity in studies with criminal populations. Although this findings did not support construct validity, there was some potential (CDF=.18) for evidence of construct validity. Future studies should include demographics and consider using the expanded scales as they were originally developed.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Child, Holly Ann"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Open Access Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Education Evaluation and Research","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Sholmo Sawilowsky"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2016,"date_issued":"2016-01-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2016-01-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T06:00:26Z","subjects":["Construct Validity","distribution free","I-test","multitrait-multimethod matrix","Sawilowsky","trends test","Criminology and Criminal Justice","Psychology","Statistics and Probability"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/1434","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Sholmo Sawilowsky"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Child, Holly Ann"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2015-01-01T08:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Education Evaluation and Research"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Open Access Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Construct Validity","distribution free","I-test","multitrait-multimethod matrix","Sawilowsky","trends test","Criminology and Criminal Justice","Psychology","Statistics and Probability"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/1434"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The Sawilosky's I-Test was developed to as an alternative method to evaluate construct validity, more specifically, in regards to the Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix designed by Campbell and Fiske (1959). Typically, researchers use a method by Campbell and Fiske that involves a subjective “physical” look at the matrix to determine validity. Sawilowsky’s I-Test offers a statistical approach that incorporates the current practice but removes the subjectivity involved in this process.
There are only two existing studies that look at the I-Test, Sawilowsky in 2002 and Cuzzocrea in 2007. Both studies found that although the I-Test is not a perfect statistic, it provides an objective method to analyze a Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix when looking at construct validity. Neither of these studies used raw data to test this statistic. This study collected data in attempt to use a “real world” application of this statistics and provide additional research on this statistic’s potential application.
The Sawilowsky I-test has the potential for testing construct validity in studies with criminal populations. Although this findings did not support construct validity, there was some potential (CDF=.18) for evidence of construct validity. Future studies should include demographics and consider using the expanded scales as they were originally developed.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Distribution-Free Trends Test To Determine The Construct Validity Of An Anti-Social Criminal Attitudes Scale"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Sholmo Sawilowsky"],"dc:creator":["Child, Holly Ann"],"dc:date.available":["2015-01-01T08:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["The Sawilosky's I-Test was developed to as an alternative method to evaluate construct validity, more specifically, in regards to the Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix designed by Campbell and Fiske (1959). Typically, researchers use a method by Campbell and Fiske that involves a subjective “physical” look at the matrix to determine validity. Sawilowsky’s I-Test offers a statistical approach that incorporates the current practice but removes the subjectivity involved in this process.
There are only two existing studies that look at the I-Test, Sawilowsky in 2002 and Cuzzocrea in 2007. Both studies found that although the I-Test is not a perfect statistic, it provides an objective method to analyze a Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix when looking at construct validity. Neither of these studies used raw data to test this statistic. This study collected data in attempt to use a “real world” application of this statistics and provide additional research on this statistic’s potential application.
The Sawilowsky I-test has the potential for testing construct validity in studies with criminal populations. Although this findings did not support construct validity, there was some potential (CDF=.18) for evidence of construct validity. Future studies should include demographics and consider using the expanded scales as they were originally developed.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/1434"],"dc:subject":["Construct Validity","distribution free","I-test","multitrait-multimethod matrix","Sawilowsky","trends test","Criminology and Criminal Justice","Psychology","Statistics and Probability"],"dc:title":["Distribution-Free Trends Test To Determine The Construct Validity Of An Anti-Social Criminal Attitudes Scale"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Education Evaluation and Research"],"thesis:degree_level":["Open Access Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph.D."]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T06:00:26Z"}