The antiviral drug development has improved steadily to treat the infections of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) which represent heavy public health burdens. The viral protease plays an indispensable role in viral maturation and therefore becomes one of the most important targets for drug design. Nine HIV-1 protease inhibitors and two HCV protease inhibitors have been developed and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. However, mutations in the protease decrease reduce the efficacy the drugs. In this study, the enzyme assays indicate that darunavir and tipranavir exhibit the most potent inhibition against the multi-drug resistant (MDR) HIV-1 protease, which is supported by the co-crystal structures of the MDR protease-darunavir complex and the MDR protease-tipranavir complex. The MDR HIV-1 protease not only decreases the susceptibility to drugs but also impedes the formation of protease-substrate complex. Molecular dynamics simulation results show that the MDR HIV-1 protease needs to conquer a higher desolvation energy barrier to bind the substrate. Besides the study of drug resistance mechanisms, two drug discovery methods have been carried out in the study. One method is the modification of a current drug, lopinavir. The potency of the lopinavir analog against the MDR HIV-1 protease increases. The other method is the identification of a novel HIV-1 protease inhibitor scaffold to increase the structural diversity of inhibitors. In the HCV section, the study focuses on an HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor, telaprevir, which is approved for the treatment of patients infected with the HCV genotype 1. The enzyme assays and molecular dynamic studies suggest that telaprevir may retain sufficient potency to treat the non-genotype 1 HCV strains.
","abstract_html":"<p>The antiviral drug development has improved steadily to treat the infections of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) which represent heavy public health burdens. The viral protease plays an indispensable role in viral maturation and therefore becomes one of the most important targets for drug design. Nine HIV-1 protease inhibitors and two HCV protease inhibitors have been developed and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. However, mutations in the protease decrease reduce the efficacy the drugs. In this study, the enzyme assays indicate that darunavir and tipranavir exhibit the most potent inhibition against the multi-drug resistant (MDR) HIV-1 protease, which is supported by the co-crystal structures of the MDR protease-darunavir complex and the MDR protease-tipranavir complex. The MDR HIV-1 protease not only decreases the susceptibility to drugs but also impedes the formation of protease-substrate complex. Molecular dynamics simulation results show that the MDR HIV-1 protease needs to conquer a higher desolvation energy barrier to bind the substrate. Besides the study of drug resistance mechanisms, two drug discovery methods have been carried out in the study. One method is the modification of a current drug, lopinavir. The potency of the lopinavir analog against the MDR HIV-1 protease increases. The other method is the identification of a novel HIV-1 protease inhibitor scaffold to increase the structural diversity of inhibitors. In the HCV section, the study focuses on an HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor, telaprevir, which is approved for the treatment of patients infected with the HCV genotype 1. The enzyme assays and molecular dynamic studies suggest that telaprevir may retain sufficient potency to treat the non-genotype 1 HCV strains.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Wang, Yong"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Open Access Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Ladislau C. Kovari"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2012,"date_issued":"2012-01-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2012-01-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:59:04Z","subjects":["drug resistance, HCV protease, HIV protease","Biochemistry","Chemistry"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/484","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Ladislau C. Kovari"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Wang, Yong"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2011-01-01T08:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Open Access Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["drug resistance, HCV protease, HIV protease","Biochemistry","Chemistry"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/484"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The antiviral drug development has improved steadily to treat the infections of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) which represent heavy public health burdens. The viral protease plays an indispensable role in viral maturation and therefore becomes one of the most important targets for drug design. Nine HIV-1 protease inhibitors and two HCV protease inhibitors have been developed and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. However, mutations in the protease decrease reduce the efficacy the drugs. In this study, the enzyme assays indicate that darunavir and tipranavir exhibit the most potent inhibition against the multi-drug resistant (MDR) HIV-1 protease, which is supported by the co-crystal structures of the MDR protease-darunavir complex and the MDR protease-tipranavir complex. The MDR HIV-1 protease not only decreases the susceptibility to drugs but also impedes the formation of protease-substrate complex. Molecular dynamics simulation results show that the MDR HIV-1 protease needs to conquer a higher desolvation energy barrier to bind the substrate. Besides the study of drug resistance mechanisms, two drug discovery methods have been carried out in the study. One method is the modification of a current drug, lopinavir. The potency of the lopinavir analog against the MDR HIV-1 protease increases. The other method is the identification of a novel HIV-1 protease inhibitor scaffold to increase the structural diversity of inhibitors. In the HCV section, the study focuses on an HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor, telaprevir, which is approved for the treatment of patients infected with the HCV genotype 1. The enzyme assays and molecular dynamic studies suggest that telaprevir may retain sufficient potency to treat the non-genotype 1 HCV strains.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Drug resistance mechanisms and drug design strategies for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis c virus proteases"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Ladislau C. Kovari"],"dc:creator":["Wang, Yong"],"dc:date.available":["2011-01-01T08:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["The antiviral drug development has improved steadily to treat the infections of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) which represent heavy public health burdens. The viral protease plays an indispensable role in viral maturation and therefore becomes one of the most important targets for drug design. Nine HIV-1 protease inhibitors and two HCV protease inhibitors have been developed and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. However, mutations in the protease decrease reduce the efficacy the drugs. In this study, the enzyme assays indicate that darunavir and tipranavir exhibit the most potent inhibition against the multi-drug resistant (MDR) HIV-1 protease, which is supported by the co-crystal structures of the MDR protease-darunavir complex and the MDR protease-tipranavir complex. The MDR HIV-1 protease not only decreases the susceptibility to drugs but also impedes the formation of protease-substrate complex. Molecular dynamics simulation results show that the MDR HIV-1 protease needs to conquer a higher desolvation energy barrier to bind the substrate. Besides the study of drug resistance mechanisms, two drug discovery methods have been carried out in the study. One method is the modification of a current drug, lopinavir. The potency of the lopinavir analog against the MDR HIV-1 protease increases. The other method is the identification of a novel HIV-1 protease inhibitor scaffold to increase the structural diversity of inhibitors. In the HCV section, the study focuses on an HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor, telaprevir, which is approved for the treatment of patients infected with the HCV genotype 1. The enzyme assays and molecular dynamic studies suggest that telaprevir may retain sufficient potency to treat the non-genotype 1 HCV strains.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/484"],"dc:subject":["drug resistance, HCV protease, HIV protease","Biochemistry","Chemistry"],"dc:title":["Drug resistance mechanisms and drug design strategies for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis c virus proteases"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"],"thesis:degree_level":["Open Access Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph.D."]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:59:04Z"}