Statistical theory and its application provide the foundation to modern systematic inquiry in the behavioral, physical and social sciences disciplines (Fisher, 1958; Wilcox, 1996). It provides the tools for scholars and researchers to operationalize constructs, describe populations, and measure and interpret the relations between populations and variables (Weinbach & Grinnell, 1997; Wilcox, 1996). Given that the majority of real data analysis in the behavioral and social sciences is comprised of non-normally distributed data, it is important that researchers be aware of the effects of non-normal distributions on the probability of detecting equivalence between populations.
The present study examined the effects and management of non-normally distributed data on equivalency tests under varied conditions for a two-sample design; and compared the properties of showing equivalence between populations at the smallest effect sizes. The findings for this report indicated that under conditions where sample sets were non-normally distributed, the differences in the statistical properties of the three equivalency tests became most pronounced at the lowest nominal =.001 for small to medium sample sizes. Optimal performance in relation to detecting equivalence occurred for the nominal =.001, for small sample sizes n1n2 (10, 10; 10, 20) under the Smooth Symmetric and Extreme Asymmetry distributions. Overall, all three tests demonstrated low power due to the relatively small sample size combinations paired with small effect sizes, and failed to control Type I error. Based on the findings of this study, none of the three tests were recommended as superior to the other.
","abstract_html":"<p>Statistical theory and its application provide the foundation to modern systematic inquiry in the behavioral, physical and social sciences disciplines (Fisher, 1958; Wilcox, 1996). It provides the tools for scholars and researchers to operationalize constructs, describe populations, and measure and interpret the relations between populations and variables (Weinbach & Grinnell, 1997; Wilcox, 1996). Given that the majority of real data analysis in the behavioral and social sciences is comprised of non-normally distributed data, it is important that researchers be aware of the effects of non-normal distributions on the probability of detecting equivalence between populations.</p> <p>The present study examined the effects and management of non-normally distributed data on equivalency tests under varied conditions for a two-sample design; and compared the properties of showing equivalence between populations at the smallest effect sizes. The findings for this report indicated that under conditions where sample sets were non-normally distributed, the differences in the statistical properties of the three equivalency tests became most pronounced at the lowest nominal =.001 for small to medium sample sizes. Optimal performance in relation to detecting equivalence occurred for the nominal =.001, for small sample sizes n1n2 (10, 10; 10, 20) under the Smooth Symmetric and Extreme Asymmetry distributions. Overall, all three tests demonstrated low power due to the relatively small sample size combinations paired with small effect sizes, and failed to control Type I error. Based on the findings of this study, none of the three tests were recommended as superior to the other.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Ellington, Linda"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Open Access Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Education Evaluation and Research","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Shlomo Sawilowsky"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2011,"date_issued":"2011-01-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2011-01-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:58:57Z","subjects":["Equivalency tests, Tests of equivalence","Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research","Statistics and Probability"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/371","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Shlomo Sawilowsky"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Ellington, Linda"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2011-01-01T08:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Education Evaluation and Research"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Open Access Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Equivalency tests, Tests of equivalence","Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research","Statistics and Probability"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/371"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Statistical theory and its application provide the foundation to modern systematic inquiry in the behavioral, physical and social sciences disciplines (Fisher, 1958; Wilcox, 1996). It provides the tools for scholars and researchers to operationalize constructs, describe populations, and measure and interpret the relations between populations and variables (Weinbach & Grinnell, 1997; Wilcox, 1996). Given that the majority of real data analysis in the behavioral and social sciences is comprised of non-normally distributed data, it is important that researchers be aware of the effects of non-normal distributions on the probability of detecting equivalence between populations.
The present study examined the effects and management of non-normally distributed data on equivalency tests under varied conditions for a two-sample design; and compared the properties of showing equivalence between populations at the smallest effect sizes. The findings for this report indicated that under conditions where sample sets were non-normally distributed, the differences in the statistical properties of the three equivalency tests became most pronounced at the lowest nominal =.001 for small to medium sample sizes. Optimal performance in relation to detecting equivalence occurred for the nominal =.001, for small sample sizes n1n2 (10, 10; 10, 20) under the Smooth Symmetric and Extreme Asymmetry distributions. Overall, all three tests demonstrated low power due to the relatively small sample size combinations paired with small effect sizes, and failed to control Type I error. Based on the findings of this study, none of the three tests were recommended as superior to the other.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["A comparison of the effects of non-normal distributions on tests of equivalence"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Shlomo Sawilowsky"],"dc:creator":["Ellington, Linda"],"dc:date.available":["2011-01-01T08:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["Statistical theory and its application provide the foundation to modern systematic inquiry in the behavioral, physical and social sciences disciplines (Fisher, 1958; Wilcox, 1996). It provides the tools for scholars and researchers to operationalize constructs, describe populations, and measure and interpret the relations between populations and variables (Weinbach & Grinnell, 1997; Wilcox, 1996). Given that the majority of real data analysis in the behavioral and social sciences is comprised of non-normally distributed data, it is important that researchers be aware of the effects of non-normal distributions on the probability of detecting equivalence between populations.
The present study examined the effects and management of non-normally distributed data on equivalency tests under varied conditions for a two-sample design; and compared the properties of showing equivalence between populations at the smallest effect sizes. The findings for this report indicated that under conditions where sample sets were non-normally distributed, the differences in the statistical properties of the three equivalency tests became most pronounced at the lowest nominal =.001 for small to medium sample sizes. Optimal performance in relation to detecting equivalence occurred for the nominal =.001, for small sample sizes n1n2 (10, 10; 10, 20) under the Smooth Symmetric and Extreme Asymmetry distributions. Overall, all three tests demonstrated low power due to the relatively small sample size combinations paired with small effect sizes, and failed to control Type I error. Based on the findings of this study, none of the three tests were recommended as superior to the other.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/371"],"dc:subject":["Equivalency tests, Tests of equivalence","Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research","Statistics and Probability"],"dc:title":["A comparison of the effects of non-normal distributions on tests of equivalence"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Education Evaluation and Research"],"thesis:degree_level":["Open Access Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph.D."]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:58:57Z"}