{"id":{"repo_id":"vt","oai_identifier":"oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/94471"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/vt/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/94471","repository":{"repo_id":"vt","name":"Virginia Tech","base_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Alkali attack of coal gasifier refractory linings","abstract":"Thermodynamic calculations are used to study the alkali reactions in coal gasifier atmospheres. The reactive alkali and sulfur species released from coal are first calculated at temperatures from 800 K to 1900 K and pressures from 1 atm to 100 atm. Four P-T diagrams are constructed for the stable alkali and/or alkali-sulfur species at differ-ent temperatures and pressures. Alkali vapors are generated by the reactions Na₂CO₃(s) + 2C(s) = 2Na(g) + 3CO(g) Na₂CO₃(s) + H₂O(g) + C(s) = 2NaOH(g) + 2CO(g) or K₂CO₃(s) + 2C(s) = 2K(g) + 3CO(g) K₂CO₃(s) + H₂O(g) + C(s) = 2KOH(g) + 2CO(g) The phases formed from alkali-cement, and alkali-sulfur-cement reaction are also predicted. For both 53% and 72% alumina cement, calcium aluminate (CaO•Al₂O₃) is decomposed by the reactions CaO•Al₂O₃ + 2Na + 1/20₂ = Na₂O•Al₂O₃ + CaO CaO•Al₂O₃ + 2K + 1/20₂ = K₂O•Al₂O₃ + CaO or CaO•Al₂O₃ + 2Na + l/2S₂ = Na₂0•Al₂O₃ + CaS CaO•Al₂O₃ + 2K + 1/2S₂ = K₂•Al₂O₃ + CaS","abstract_html":"Thermodynamic calculations are used to study the alkali reactions in coal gasifier atmospheres. The reactive alkali and sulfur species released from coal are first calculated at temperatures from 800 K to 1900 K and pressures from 1 atm to 100 atm. Four P-T diagrams are constructed for the stable alkali and/or alkali-sulfur species at differ-ent temperatures and pressures. Alkali vapors are generated by the reactions Na₂CO₃<sub>(s)</sub> + 2C<sub>(s)</sub> = 2Na<sub>(g)</sub> + 3CO<sub>(g)</sub> Na₂CO₃<sub>(s)</sub> + H₂O<sub>(g)</sub> + C<sub>(s)</sub> = 2NaOH<sub>(g)</sub> + 2CO<sub>(g)</sub> or K₂CO₃<sub>(s)</sub> + 2C<sub>(s)</sub> = 2K<sub>(g)</sub> + 3CO<sub>(g)</sub> K₂CO₃<sub>(s)</sub> + H₂O<sub>(g)</sub> + C<sub>(s)</sub> = 2KOH<sub>(g)</sub> + 2CO<sub>(g)</sub> The phases formed from alkali-cement, and alkali-sulfur-cement reaction are also predicted. For both 53% and 72% alumina cement, calcium aluminate (CaO•Al₂O₃) is decomposed by the reactions CaO•Al₂O₃ + 2Na + 1/20₂ = Na₂O•Al₂O₃ + CaO CaO•Al₂O₃ + 2K + 1/20₂ = K₂O•Al₂O₃ + CaO or CaO•Al₂O₃ + 2Na + l/2S₂ = Na₂0•Al₂O₃ + CaS CaO•Al₂O₃ + 2K + 1/2S₂ = K₂•Al₂O₃ + CaS","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Sun, Tawei"],"institution":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","degree_name":"M.S.","degree_level":"masters","degree_discipline":"Materials Engineering","degree_department":"Materials Engineering","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":1986,"date_issued":"1986","date_published":"1986","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:41Z","subjects":[],"languages":["en_US"],"rights":["In Copyright"],"rights_urls":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/94471","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Materials Engineering"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Sun, Tawei"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2019-10-10T19:11:52Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2019-10-10T19:11:52Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["1986"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"dc:type.dcmitype","label":"Dc Type Dcmitype","values":["Text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Materials Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["M.S."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language.iso","label":"Language (ISO)","values":["en_US"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright"]},{"key":"dc:rights.uri","label":"Rights URI","values":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/94471"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Thermodynamic calculations are used to study the alkali reactions in coal gasifier atmospheres. The reactive alkali and sulfur species released from coal are first calculated at temperatures from 800 K to 1900 K and pressures from 1 atm to 100 atm. Four P-T diagrams are constructed for the stable alkali and/or alkali-sulfur species at differ-ent temperatures and pressures. Alkali vapors are generated by the reactions Na₂CO₃(s) + 2C(s) = 2Na(g) + 3CO(g) Na₂CO₃(s) + H₂O(g) + C(s) = 2NaOH(g) + 2CO(g) or K₂CO₃(s) + 2C(s) = 2K(g) + 3CO(g) K₂CO₃(s) + H₂O(g) + C(s) = 2KOH(g) + 2CO(g) The phases formed from alkali-cement, and alkali-sulfur-cement reaction are also predicted. For both 53% and 72% alumina cement, calcium aluminate (CaO•Al₂O₃) is decomposed by the reactions CaO•Al₂O₃ + 2Na + 1/20₂ = Na₂O•Al₂O₃ + CaO CaO•Al₂O₃ + 2K + 1/20₂ = K₂O•Al₂O₃ + CaO or CaO•Al₂O₃ + 2Na + l/2S₂ = Na₂0•Al₂O₃ + CaS CaO•Al₂O₃ + 2K + 1/2S₂ = K₂•Al₂O₃ + CaS"]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["M.S."]},{"key":"dc:format.mimetype","label":"Dc Format Mimetype","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Alkali attack of coal gasifier refractory linings"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.department":["Materials Engineering"],"dc:creator":["Sun, Tawei"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2019-10-10T19:11:52Z"],"dc:date.available":["2019-10-10T19:11:52Z"],"dc:date.issued":["1986"],"dc:description.abstract":["Thermodynamic calculations are used to study the alkali reactions in coal gasifier atmospheres. The reactive alkali and sulfur species released from coal are first calculated at temperatures from 800 K to 1900 K and pressures from 1 atm to 100 atm. Four P-T diagrams are constructed for the stable alkali and/or alkali-sulfur species at differ-ent temperatures and pressures. Alkali vapors are generated by the reactions Na₂CO₃(s) + 2C(s) = 2Na(g) + 3CO(g) Na₂CO₃(s) + H₂O(g) + C(s) = 2NaOH(g) + 2CO(g) or K₂CO₃(s) + 2C(s) = 2K(g) + 3CO(g) K₂CO₃(s) + H₂O(g) + C(s) = 2KOH(g) + 2CO(g) The phases formed from alkali-cement, and alkali-sulfur-cement reaction are also predicted. For both 53% and 72% alumina cement, calcium aluminate (CaO•Al₂O₃) is decomposed by the reactions CaO•Al₂O₃ + 2Na + 1/20₂ = Na₂O•Al₂O₃ + CaO CaO•Al₂O₃ + 2K + 1/20₂ = K₂O•Al₂O₃ + CaO or CaO•Al₂O₃ + 2Na + l/2S₂ = Na₂0•Al₂O₃ + CaS CaO•Al₂O₃ + 2K + 1/2S₂ = K₂•Al₂O₃ + CaS"],"dc:description.degree":["M.S."],"dc:format.mimetype":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/94471"],"dc:language.iso":["en_US"],"dc:publisher":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright"],"dc:rights.uri":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dc:title":["Alkali attack of coal gasifier refractory linings"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"dc:type.dcmitype":["Text"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Materials Engineering"],"thesis:degree_level":["masters"],"thesis:degree_name":["M.S."],"thesis:institution_name":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:41Z"}