{"id":{"repo_id":"vt","oai_identifier":"oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/93931"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/vt/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/93931","repository":{"repo_id":"vt","name":"Virginia Tech","base_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Evaluation of Zinc Orthophosphate to Control Lead Solder Corrosion in Waters With High Chloride to Sulfate Mass Ratio","abstract":"Chloride levels are increasing in some water supplies around the country due to use of road salts and seawater intrusion, which can increase the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) and trigger serious water lead contamination from galvanic lead solder: copper pipe corrosion. Previous attempts to control this problem through simple water chemistry modifications were unsuccessful, but in this work a combination of zinc orthophosphate and moderate alkalinity mitigated lead release in testing at two utilities. Either zinc alone or phosphate alone were irrelatively ineffective, but the combination of zinc orthophosphate reduced lead leaching by 54-99% (compared to the control without inhibitors) if alkalinity was above about 55 mg/L as CaCO3. These results may help mitigate future lead in water contamination events.","abstract_html":"Chloride levels are increasing in some water supplies around the country due to use of road salts and seawater intrusion, which can increase the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) and trigger serious water lead contamination from galvanic lead solder: copper pipe corrosion. Previous attempts to control this problem through simple water chemistry modifications were unsuccessful, but in this work a combination of zinc orthophosphate and moderate alkalinity mitigated lead release in testing at two utilities. Either zinc alone or phosphate alone were irrelatively ineffective, but the combination of zinc orthophosphate reduced lead leaching by 54-99% (compared to the control without inhibitors) if alkalinity was above about 55 mg/L as CaCO3. These results may help mitigate future lead in water contamination events.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Bradley, Taylor Nicole"],"institution":"Virginia Tech","degree_name":"MS","degree_level":"masters","degree_discipline":"Environmental Engineering","degree_department":"Environmental Science and Engineering","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":["Edwards, Marc A."],"committee_members":["Sarver, Emily A.","Parks, Jeffrey L."],"year":2018,"date_issued":"2018-03-28","date_published":"2018-03-28","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:32Z","subjects":["zinc orthophosphate","galvanic corrosion","copper","lead"],"languages":[],"rights":["In Copyright"],"rights_urls":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["vt_gsexam:14612"],"render_values":[{"text":"vt_gsexam:14612","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/93931","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.committeechair","label":"Committee Chair","values":["Edwards, Marc A."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.committeemember","label":"Committee Member","values":["Sarver, Emily A.","Parks, Jeffrey L."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Environmental Science and Engineering"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Bradley, Taylor Nicole"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2019-09-20T06:00:43Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2019-09-20T06:00:43Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2018-03-28"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Virginia Tech"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Environmental Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["MS"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["zinc orthophosphate","galvanic corrosion","copper","lead"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright"]},{"key":"dc:rights.uri","label":"Rights URI","values":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["vt_gsexam:14612"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/93931"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Chloride levels are increasing in some water supplies around the country due to use of road salts and seawater intrusion, which can increase the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) and trigger serious water lead contamination from galvanic lead solder: copper pipe corrosion. Previous attempts to control this problem through simple water chemistry modifications were unsuccessful, but in this work a combination of zinc orthophosphate and moderate alkalinity mitigated lead release in testing at two utilities. Either zinc alone or phosphate alone were irrelatively ineffective, but the combination of zinc orthophosphate reduced lead leaching by 54-99% (compared to the control without inhibitors) if alkalinity was above about 55 mg/L as CaCO3. These results may help mitigate future lead in water contamination events."]},{"key":"dc:description.abstractgeneral","label":"General Abstract","values":["Chloride levels are increasing in some water supplies around the country due to use of road salts and seawater intrusion, which can increase the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) and trigger serious water lead contamination from galvanic lead solder: copper pipe corrosion. Previous attempts to control this problem through simple water chemistry modifications were unsuccessful, but in this work a combination of zinc orthophosphate and moderate alkalinity mitigated lead release in testing at two utilities. Bench-scale experiments were completed with water from two utilities to look at the effectiveness of zinc orthophosphate, orthophosphate and zinc alone to reduce lead leaching in copper pipes with lead solder. Either zinc alone or phosphate alone were irrelatively ineffective, but the combination of zinc orthophosphate reduced lead leaching by 54-99% (compared to the control without inhibitors) if alkalinity was above about 55 mg/L as CaCO₃. These results may help mitigate future lead in water contamination events."]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["MS"]},{"key":"dc:format.medium","label":"Dc Format Medium","values":["ETD"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Evaluation of Zinc Orthophosphate to Control Lead Solder Corrosion in Waters With High Chloride to Sulfate Mass Ratio"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.committeechair":["Edwards, Marc A."],"dc:contributor.committeemember":["Sarver, Emily A.","Parks, Jeffrey L."],"dc:contributor.department":["Environmental Science and Engineering"],"dc:creator":["Bradley, Taylor Nicole"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2019-09-20T06:00:43Z"],"dc:date.available":["2019-09-20T06:00:43Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2018-03-28"],"dc:description.abstract":["Chloride levels are increasing in some water supplies around the country due to use of road salts and seawater intrusion, which can increase the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) and trigger serious water lead contamination from galvanic lead solder: copper pipe corrosion. Previous attempts to control this problem through simple water chemistry modifications were unsuccessful, but in this work a combination of zinc orthophosphate and moderate alkalinity mitigated lead release in testing at two utilities. Either zinc alone or phosphate alone were irrelatively ineffective, but the combination of zinc orthophosphate reduced lead leaching by 54-99% (compared to the control without inhibitors) if alkalinity was above about 55 mg/L as CaCO3. These results may help mitigate future lead in water contamination events."],"dc:description.abstractgeneral":["Chloride levels are increasing in some water supplies around the country due to use of road salts and seawater intrusion, which can increase the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) and trigger serious water lead contamination from galvanic lead solder: copper pipe corrosion. Previous attempts to control this problem through simple water chemistry modifications were unsuccessful, but in this work a combination of zinc orthophosphate and moderate alkalinity mitigated lead release in testing at two utilities. Bench-scale experiments were completed with water from two utilities to look at the effectiveness of zinc orthophosphate, orthophosphate and zinc alone to reduce lead leaching in copper pipes with lead solder. Either zinc alone or phosphate alone were irrelatively ineffective, but the combination of zinc orthophosphate reduced lead leaching by 54-99% (compared to the control without inhibitors) if alkalinity was above about 55 mg/L as CaCO₃. These results may help mitigate future lead in water contamination events."],"dc:description.degree":["MS"],"dc:format.medium":["ETD"],"dc:identifier.other":["vt_gsexam:14612"],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/93931"],"dc:publisher":["Virginia Tech"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright"],"dc:rights.uri":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dc:subject":["zinc orthophosphate","galvanic corrosion","copper","lead"],"dc:title":["Evaluation of Zinc Orthophosphate to Control Lead Solder Corrosion in Waters With High Chloride to Sulfate Mass Ratio"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Environmental Engineering"],"thesis:degree_level":["masters"],"thesis:degree_name":["MS"],"thesis:institution_name":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:32Z"}