{"id":{"repo_id":"vt","oai_identifier":"oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/91149"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/vt/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/91149","repository":{"repo_id":"vt","name":"Virginia Tech","base_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Impact fracture of embrittled stainless steels","abstract":"Hydrogen embrittlement of austenitic stainless steels and temper embrittlement of a martensitic stainless steel have been studied by impact testing, metallography, and SEM fractography. New data for uncharged and hydrogen-charged specimens of Types 304L and 316L austenitic stainless steels show significant hydrogen effects on the impact behavior of both materials. The Type 316L specimens showed greater hydrogen effects and a more pronounced\"ductile-to-brittle transition.\" Analysis of new and existing data for austenitic stainless steels suggests that a steel's susceptibility to hydrogen may be estimated on the basis of the magnitude of its ductile-to-brittle transition. Due to the roles played by slip planarity, transformation to martensite, and other strain rate sensitive factors, strict ordering of various steels' susceptibilities to hydrogen cannot be expected by this method. Nevertheless, the method may provide a reasonable alternative to thorough characterization of the effect of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of a given material. The Type 416 martensitic stainless steel specimens possessed a banded ferrite/tempered martensite microstructure. Non-embrittled specimens exhibited a microvoid coalescence mode of fracture. The temper embrittlement mechanism promoted transgranular fracture of the tempered martensite phase. In the banded microstructure, ferrite/ferrite and ferrite/tempered martensite interfaces were extraordinarily weak. Their failure early in the deformation process promoted ductility by permitting relaxation of constraint on the tempered martensite phase. Tempering condition, impact data, and hardness data were correlated in order to specify a maximum acceptable hardness for a given minimum service temperature.","abstract_html":"Hydrogen embrittlement of austenitic stainless steels and temper embrittlement of a martensitic stainless steel have been studied by impact testing, metallography, and SEM fractography. New data for uncharged and hydrogen-charged specimens of Types 304L and 316L austenitic stainless steels show significant hydrogen effects on the impact behavior of both materials. The Type 316L specimens showed greater hydrogen effects and a more pronounced"ductile-to-brittle transition." Analysis of new and existing data for austenitic stainless steels suggests that a steel's susceptibility to hydrogen may be estimated on the basis of the magnitude of its ductile-to-brittle transition. Due to the roles played by slip planarity, transformation to martensite, and other strain rate sensitive factors, strict ordering of various steels' susceptibilities to hydrogen cannot be expected by this method. Nevertheless, the method may provide a reasonable alternative to thorough characterization of the effect of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of a given material. The Type 416 martensitic stainless steel specimens possessed a banded ferrite/tempered martensite microstructure. Non-embrittled specimens exhibited a microvoid coalescence mode of fracture. The temper embrittlement mechanism promoted transgranular fracture of the tempered martensite phase. In the banded microstructure, ferrite/ferrite and ferrite/tempered martensite interfaces were extraordinarily weak. Their failure early in the deformation process promoted ductility by permitting relaxation of constraint on the tempered martensite phase. Tempering condition, impact data, and hardness data were correlated in order to specify a maximum acceptable hardness for a given minimum service temperature.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Rohr, Kathleen L."],"institution":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","degree_name":"M.S.","degree_level":"masters","degree_discipline":"Materials Engineering","degree_department":"Materials Engineering","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":1986,"date_issued":"1986","date_published":"1986","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:20:34Z","subjects":[],"languages":["en_US"],"rights":["In Copyright"],"rights_urls":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91149","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Materials Engineering"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Rohr, Kathleen L."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2019-07-03T20:34:01Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2019-07-03T20:34:01Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["1986"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"dc:type.dcmitype","label":"Dc Type Dcmitype","values":["Text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Materials Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["M.S."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language.iso","label":"Language (ISO)","values":["en_US"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright"]},{"key":"dc:rights.uri","label":"Rights URI","values":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91149"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Hydrogen embrittlement of austenitic stainless steels and temper embrittlement of a martensitic stainless steel have been studied by impact testing, metallography, and SEM fractography. New data for uncharged and hydrogen-charged specimens of Types 304L and 316L austenitic stainless steels show significant hydrogen effects on the impact behavior of both materials. The Type 316L specimens showed greater hydrogen effects and a more pronounced\"ductile-to-brittle transition.\" Analysis of new and existing data for austenitic stainless steels suggests that a steel's susceptibility to hydrogen may be estimated on the basis of the magnitude of its ductile-to-brittle transition. Due to the roles played by slip planarity, transformation to martensite, and other strain rate sensitive factors, strict ordering of various steels' susceptibilities to hydrogen cannot be expected by this method. Nevertheless, the method may provide a reasonable alternative to thorough characterization of the effect of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of a given material. The Type 416 martensitic stainless steel specimens possessed a banded ferrite/tempered martensite microstructure. Non-embrittled specimens exhibited a microvoid coalescence mode of fracture. The temper embrittlement mechanism promoted transgranular fracture of the tempered martensite phase. In the banded microstructure, ferrite/ferrite and ferrite/tempered martensite interfaces were extraordinarily weak. Their failure early in the deformation process promoted ductility by permitting relaxation of constraint on the tempered martensite phase. Tempering condition, impact data, and hardness data were correlated in order to specify a maximum acceptable hardness for a given minimum service temperature."]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["M.S."]},{"key":"dc:format.mimetype","label":"Dc Format Mimetype","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Impact fracture of embrittled stainless steels"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.department":["Materials Engineering"],"dc:creator":["Rohr, Kathleen L."],"dc:date.accessioned":["2019-07-03T20:34:01Z"],"dc:date.available":["2019-07-03T20:34:01Z"],"dc:date.issued":["1986"],"dc:description.abstract":["Hydrogen embrittlement of austenitic stainless steels and temper embrittlement of a martensitic stainless steel have been studied by impact testing, metallography, and SEM fractography. New data for uncharged and hydrogen-charged specimens of Types 304L and 316L austenitic stainless steels show significant hydrogen effects on the impact behavior of both materials. The Type 316L specimens showed greater hydrogen effects and a more pronounced\"ductile-to-brittle transition.\" Analysis of new and existing data for austenitic stainless steels suggests that a steel's susceptibility to hydrogen may be estimated on the basis of the magnitude of its ductile-to-brittle transition. Due to the roles played by slip planarity, transformation to martensite, and other strain rate sensitive factors, strict ordering of various steels' susceptibilities to hydrogen cannot be expected by this method. Nevertheless, the method may provide a reasonable alternative to thorough characterization of the effect of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of a given material. The Type 416 martensitic stainless steel specimens possessed a banded ferrite/tempered martensite microstructure. Non-embrittled specimens exhibited a microvoid coalescence mode of fracture. The temper embrittlement mechanism promoted transgranular fracture of the tempered martensite phase. In the banded microstructure, ferrite/ferrite and ferrite/tempered martensite interfaces were extraordinarily weak. Their failure early in the deformation process promoted ductility by permitting relaxation of constraint on the tempered martensite phase. Tempering condition, impact data, and hardness data were correlated in order to specify a maximum acceptable hardness for a given minimum service temperature."],"dc:description.degree":["M.S."],"dc:format.mimetype":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91149"],"dc:language.iso":["en_US"],"dc:publisher":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright"],"dc:rights.uri":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dc:title":["Impact fracture of embrittled stainless steels"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"dc:type.dcmitype":["Text"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Materials Engineering"],"thesis:degree_level":["masters"],"thesis:degree_name":["M.S."],"thesis:institution_name":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:20:34Z"}