{"id":{"repo_id":"vt","oai_identifier":"oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/90668"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/vt/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/90668","repository":{"repo_id":"vt","name":"Virginia Tech","base_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Induction Infrared Thermography for Non-Destructive Evaluation of Alloy Sensitization","abstract":"The sensitization of stainless steel describes the process by which a high-carbon steel alloy is heated above a certain threshold (either naturally or artificially) followed by a cooling period during which chromium (one of the elements most responsible for providing stainless steel with its corrosion-inhibiting properties) forms new compounds with the carbon present in the steel. With the chromium being taken from the parent material to form these compounds, the corrosion-resistant properties are compromised, which can lead to corrosion, cracking, and broader failure. Currently, the accepted techniques used to test for the presence of sensitization are qualitative and/or destructive in nature. Attempts have been made to non-destructively detect and characterize sensitization through various means, but all with mixed results. With the use of these high-carbon alloys in a range of industries, a comprehensive, in-place process is desirable. This thesis will focus specifically on non-destructive evaluation of sensitization seen as a result of welding steel plates using induction infrared thermography (IIRT). This process uses an induction coil to generate heat within a sample whose resulting heat signature can then be detected with an infrared (IR) camera and analyzed. Previous IIRT experimental results have shown higher levels of heating in the HAZ when sensitization is present as it modifies the original microstructure of the material. New IIRT experiments have been conducted on both welded and unwelded 440C alloy samples to establish quantitative data on the heating profiles. These results (in conjunction with the appropriate experimental parameters) were then used to create a numerical model to replicate them. Despite some limitations in populating the model with accurate parameters, the results obtained were in good agreement with the experiments and provide a foundation for future work. Future work will focus on establishing a predictive tool that can detect and quantify the level of sensitization in an arbitrary steel sample in the field.","abstract_html":"The sensitization of stainless steel describes the process by which a high-carbon steel alloy is heated above a certain threshold (either naturally or artificially) followed by a cooling period during which chromium (one of the elements most responsible for providing stainless steel with its corrosion-inhibiting properties) forms new compounds with the carbon present in the steel. With the chromium being taken from the parent material to form these compounds, the corrosion-resistant properties are compromised, which can lead to corrosion, cracking, and broader failure. Currently, the accepted techniques used to test for the presence of sensitization are qualitative and/or destructive in nature. Attempts have been made to non-destructively detect and characterize sensitization through various means, but all with mixed results. With the use of these high-carbon alloys in a range of industries, a comprehensive, in-place process is desirable. This thesis will focus specifically on non-destructive evaluation of sensitization seen as a result of welding steel plates using induction infrared thermography (IIRT). This process uses an induction coil to generate heat within a sample whose resulting heat signature can then be detected with an infrared (IR) camera and analyzed. Previous IIRT experimental results have shown higher levels of heating in the HAZ when sensitization is present as it modifies the original microstructure of the material. New IIRT experiments have been conducted on both welded and unwelded 440C alloy samples to establish quantitative data on the heating profiles. These results (in conjunction with the appropriate experimental parameters) were then used to create a numerical model to replicate them. Despite some limitations in populating the model with accurate parameters, the results obtained were in good agreement with the experiments and provide a foundation for future work. Future work will focus on establishing a predictive tool that can detect and quantify the level of sensitization in an arbitrary steel sample in the field.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Roberts, Matthew Thomas"],"institution":"Virginia Tech","degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"masters","degree_discipline":"Ocean Engineering","degree_department":"Aerospace and Ocean Engineering","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":["Wang, Kevin Guanyuan"],"committee_members":["Guzas, Emily Leigh","Seidel, Gary D.","Gilbert, Christine Marie"],"year":2019,"date_issued":"2019-06-26","date_published":"2019-06-26","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:42Z","subjects":["Sensitization","Induction Thermography","Non-Destructive Evaluation"],"languages":[],"rights":["In Copyright"],"rights_urls":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["vt_gsexam:20433"],"render_values":[{"text":"vt_gsexam:20433","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/90668","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.committeechair","label":"Committee Chair","values":["Wang, Kevin Guanyuan"]},{"key":"dc:contributor.committeemember","label":"Committee Member","values":["Guzas, Emily Leigh","Seidel, Gary D.","Gilbert, Christine Marie"]},{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Aerospace and Ocean Engineering"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Roberts, Matthew Thomas"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2019-06-27T08:00:46Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2019-06-27T08:00:46Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2019-06-26"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Virginia Tech"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Ocean Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Sensitization","Induction Thermography","Non-Destructive Evaluation"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright"]},{"key":"dc:rights.uri","label":"Rights URI","values":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["vt_gsexam:20433"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/90668"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The sensitization of stainless steel describes the process by which a high-carbon steel alloy is heated above a certain threshold (either naturally or artificially) followed by a cooling period during which chromium (one of the elements most responsible for providing stainless steel with its corrosion-inhibiting properties) forms new compounds with the carbon present in the steel. With the chromium being taken from the parent material to form these compounds, the corrosion-resistant properties are compromised, which can lead to corrosion, cracking, and broader failure. Currently, the accepted techniques used to test for the presence of sensitization are qualitative and/or destructive in nature. Attempts have been made to non-destructively detect and characterize sensitization through various means, but all with mixed results. With the use of these high-carbon alloys in a range of industries, a comprehensive, in-place process is desirable. This thesis will focus specifically on non-destructive evaluation of sensitization seen as a result of welding steel plates using induction infrared thermography (IIRT). This process uses an induction coil to generate heat within a sample whose resulting heat signature can then be detected with an infrared (IR) camera and analyzed. Previous IIRT experimental results have shown higher levels of heating in the HAZ when sensitization is present as it modifies the original microstructure of the material. New IIRT experiments have been conducted on both welded and unwelded 440C alloy samples to establish quantitative data on the heating profiles. These results (in conjunction with the appropriate experimental parameters) were then used to create a numerical model to replicate them. Despite some limitations in populating the model with accurate parameters, the results obtained were in good agreement with the experiments and provide a foundation for future work. Future work will focus on establishing a predictive tool that can detect and quantify the level of sensitization in an arbitrary steel sample in the field."]},{"key":"dc:description.abstractgeneral","label":"General Abstract","values":["The sensitization of stainless steel describes the process by which a high-carbon steel alloy is heated above a certain threshold (either naturally or artificially) followed by a cooling period during which chromium (one of the elements most responsible for providing stainless steel with its corrosion-inhibiting properties) forms new compounds with the carbon present in the steel. With the chromium being taken from the parent material to form these compounds, the corrosion-resistant properties are compromised, which can lead to corrosion, cracking, and broader failure. Currently, the accepted techniques used to test for the presence of sensitization are qualitative and/or destructive in nature. Attempts have been made to non-destructively detect and characterize sensitization through various means, but all with mixed results. With the use of these high-carbon alloys in a range of industries, a comprehensive, in-place process is desirable. This thesis will focus specifically on non-destructive evaluation of sensitization seen as a result of welding steel plates using induction infrared thermography (IIRT). This process uses an induction coil to generate heat within a sample whose resulting heat signature can then be detected with an infrared (IR) camera and analyzed. Previous IIRT experimental results have shown higher levels of heating in the HAZ when sensitization is present as it modifies the original microstructure of the material. New IIRT experiments have been conducted on both welded and unwelded 440C alloy samples to establish quantitative data on the heating profiles. These results (in conjunction with the appropriate experimental parameters) were then used to create a numerical model to replicate them. Despite some limitations in populating the model with accurate parameters, the results obtained were in good agreement with the experiments and provide a foundation for future work. Future work will focus on establishing a predictive tool that can detect and quantify the level of sensitization in an arbitrary steel sample in the field."]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"dc:format.medium","label":"Dc Format Medium","values":["ETD"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Induction Infrared Thermography for Non-Destructive Evaluation of Alloy Sensitization"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.committeechair":["Wang, Kevin Guanyuan"],"dc:contributor.committeemember":["Guzas, Emily Leigh","Seidel, Gary D.","Gilbert, Christine Marie"],"dc:contributor.department":["Aerospace and Ocean Engineering"],"dc:creator":["Roberts, Matthew Thomas"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2019-06-27T08:00:46Z"],"dc:date.available":["2019-06-27T08:00:46Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2019-06-26"],"dc:description.abstract":["The sensitization of stainless steel describes the process by which a high-carbon steel alloy is heated above a certain threshold (either naturally or artificially) followed by a cooling period during which chromium (one of the elements most responsible for providing stainless steel with its corrosion-inhibiting properties) forms new compounds with the carbon present in the steel. With the chromium being taken from the parent material to form these compounds, the corrosion-resistant properties are compromised, which can lead to corrosion, cracking, and broader failure. Currently, the accepted techniques used to test for the presence of sensitization are qualitative and/or destructive in nature. Attempts have been made to non-destructively detect and characterize sensitization through various means, but all with mixed results. With the use of these high-carbon alloys in a range of industries, a comprehensive, in-place process is desirable. This thesis will focus specifically on non-destructive evaluation of sensitization seen as a result of welding steel plates using induction infrared thermography (IIRT). This process uses an induction coil to generate heat within a sample whose resulting heat signature can then be detected with an infrared (IR) camera and analyzed. Previous IIRT experimental results have shown higher levels of heating in the HAZ when sensitization is present as it modifies the original microstructure of the material. New IIRT experiments have been conducted on both welded and unwelded 440C alloy samples to establish quantitative data on the heating profiles. These results (in conjunction with the appropriate experimental parameters) were then used to create a numerical model to replicate them. Despite some limitations in populating the model with accurate parameters, the results obtained were in good agreement with the experiments and provide a foundation for future work. Future work will focus on establishing a predictive tool that can detect and quantify the level of sensitization in an arbitrary steel sample in the field."],"dc:description.abstractgeneral":["The sensitization of stainless steel describes the process by which a high-carbon steel alloy is heated above a certain threshold (either naturally or artificially) followed by a cooling period during which chromium (one of the elements most responsible for providing stainless steel with its corrosion-inhibiting properties) forms new compounds with the carbon present in the steel. With the chromium being taken from the parent material to form these compounds, the corrosion-resistant properties are compromised, which can lead to corrosion, cracking, and broader failure. Currently, the accepted techniques used to test for the presence of sensitization are qualitative and/or destructive in nature. Attempts have been made to non-destructively detect and characterize sensitization through various means, but all with mixed results. With the use of these high-carbon alloys in a range of industries, a comprehensive, in-place process is desirable. This thesis will focus specifically on non-destructive evaluation of sensitization seen as a result of welding steel plates using induction infrared thermography (IIRT). This process uses an induction coil to generate heat within a sample whose resulting heat signature can then be detected with an infrared (IR) camera and analyzed. Previous IIRT experimental results have shown higher levels of heating in the HAZ when sensitization is present as it modifies the original microstructure of the material. New IIRT experiments have been conducted on both welded and unwelded 440C alloy samples to establish quantitative data on the heating profiles. These results (in conjunction with the appropriate experimental parameters) were then used to create a numerical model to replicate them. Despite some limitations in populating the model with accurate parameters, the results obtained were in good agreement with the experiments and provide a foundation for future work. Future work will focus on establishing a predictive tool that can detect and quantify the level of sensitization in an arbitrary steel sample in the field."],"dc:description.degree":["Master of Science"],"dc:format.medium":["ETD"],"dc:identifier.other":["vt_gsexam:20433"],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/90668"],"dc:publisher":["Virginia Tech"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright"],"dc:rights.uri":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dc:subject":["Sensitization","Induction Thermography","Non-Destructive Evaluation"],"dc:title":["Induction Infrared Thermography for Non-Destructive Evaluation of Alloy Sensitization"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Ocean Engineering"],"thesis:degree_level":["masters"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"],"thesis:institution_name":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:42Z"}