{"id":{"repo_id":"vt","oai_identifier":"oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/87411"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/vt/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/87411","repository":{"repo_id":"vt","name":"Virginia Tech","base_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Spatio-Temporal Vegetation Change as related to terrain factors at two Glacier Forefronts, Glacier National Park, Montana","abstract":"Glacier retreat is considered a clear sign of global climate change. Although a rich body of work has documented glacial response to climate warming trends, comparatively little research has assessed vegetation change in recently deglaciated areas. In this study, we assess vegetation change at two glacier forefronts in Glacier National Park, Montana, through remote sensing analysis, fieldwork validation, and statistical modelling. The research objectives were to: 1) quantify the spatial and temporal patterns of landcover change of five classes\"ice, rock, tree, shrub, and herbaceous at the two glacier forefronts in Glacier National Park, and 2) determine the role of selected biophysical terrain factors (elevation, slope, aspect, solar radiation, flow accumulation, TWI, and geology) on vegetation change at the deglaciated areas. Landsat imagery of the study locations in 1991, 2003, and 2015 were classified and validated using ground truth points and visual interpretation for accuracy. Overall accuracies were above 75% for all classified images. To identify biophysical correlates of change, we used generalized linear mixed models with non-vegetated surfaces to vegetation (code=1) or stable non-vegetation class (code=0) as a binary response variable. Results revealed elevation, slope, TWI, geology, and aspect to be associated with increased vegetation over time at Jackson Glacier forefront, whereas elevation, slope, solar radiation, and geology were significant at Grinnell Glacier forefront. New case studies on vegetation change in recently deglaciated regions can deepen our knowledge about how glacier retreat at local scales results in recharged ecosystem dynamics.","abstract_html":"Glacier retreat is considered a clear sign of global climate change. Although a rich body of work has documented glacial response to climate warming trends, comparatively little research has assessed vegetation change in recently deglaciated areas. In this study, we assess vegetation change at two glacier forefronts in Glacier National Park, Montana, through remote sensing analysis, fieldwork validation, and statistical modelling. The research objectives were to: 1) quantify the spatial and temporal patterns of landcover change of five classes"ice, rock, tree, shrub, and herbaceous at the two glacier forefronts in Glacier National Park, and 2) determine the role of selected biophysical terrain factors (elevation, slope, aspect, solar radiation, flow accumulation, TWI, and geology) on vegetation change at the deglaciated areas. Landsat imagery of the study locations in 1991, 2003, and 2015 were classified and validated using ground truth points and visual interpretation for accuracy. Overall accuracies were above 75% for all classified images. To identify biophysical correlates of change, we used generalized linear mixed models with non-vegetated surfaces to vegetation (code=1) or stable non-vegetation class (code=0) as a binary response variable. Results revealed elevation, slope, TWI, geology, and aspect to be associated with increased vegetation over time at Jackson Glacier forefront, whereas elevation, slope, solar radiation, and geology were significant at Grinnell Glacier forefront. New case studies on vegetation change in recently deglaciated regions can deepen our knowledge about how glacier retreat at local scales results in recharged ecosystem dynamics.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Lambert, Callie Brooke"],"institution":"Virginia Tech","degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"masters","degree_discipline":"Geography","degree_department":"Geography","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":["Resler, Lynn M.","Shao, Yang"],"committee_members":["Butler, David R."],"year":2019,"date_issued":"2019-02-01","date_published":"2019-02-01","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:44Z","subjects":["Physical geography","Glacier retreat","Vegetation change","Glacier National Park"],"languages":[],"rights":["In Copyright"],"rights_urls":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["vt_gsexam:18067"],"render_values":[{"text":"vt_gsexam:18067","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87411","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.committeechair","label":"Committee Chair","values":["Resler, Lynn M.","Shao, Yang"]},{"key":"dc:contributor.committeemember","label":"Committee Member","values":["Butler, David R."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Geography"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Lambert, Callie Brooke"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2019-02-02T09:02:02Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2019-02-02T09:02:02Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2019-02-01"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Virginia Tech"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Geography"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Physical geography","Glacier retreat","Vegetation change","Glacier National Park"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright"]},{"key":"dc:rights.uri","label":"Rights URI","values":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["vt_gsexam:18067"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87411"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Glacier retreat is considered a clear sign of global climate change. Although a rich body of work has documented glacial response to climate warming trends, comparatively little research has assessed vegetation change in recently deglaciated areas. In this study, we assess vegetation change at two glacier forefronts in Glacier National Park, Montana, through remote sensing analysis, fieldwork validation, and statistical modelling. The research objectives were to: 1) quantify the spatial and temporal patterns of landcover change of five classes\"ice, rock, tree, shrub, and herbaceous at the two glacier forefronts in Glacier National Park, and 2) determine the role of selected biophysical terrain factors (elevation, slope, aspect, solar radiation, flow accumulation, TWI, and geology) on vegetation change at the deglaciated areas. Landsat imagery of the study locations in 1991, 2003, and 2015 were classified and validated using ground truth points and visual interpretation for accuracy. Overall accuracies were above 75% for all classified images. To identify biophysical correlates of change, we used generalized linear mixed models with non-vegetated surfaces to vegetation (code=1) or stable non-vegetation class (code=0) as a binary response variable. Results revealed elevation, slope, TWI, geology, and aspect to be associated with increased vegetation over time at Jackson Glacier forefront, whereas elevation, slope, solar radiation, and geology were significant at Grinnell Glacier forefront. New case studies on vegetation change in recently deglaciated regions can deepen our knowledge about how glacier retreat at local scales results in recharged ecosystem dynamics."]},{"key":"dc:description.abstractgeneral","label":"General Abstract","values":["Glacier retreat is considered a clear sign of global climate change. Although glaciers are retreating globally, comparatively little research has assessed how vegetation changes in recently deglaciated areas. The research objectives were to: 1) quantify patterns of landcover change of five classes—ice, rock, tree, shrub, and herbaceous at two glacier forefronts in Glacier National Park, and 2) determine the environmental and terrain factors that affect vegetation change at the deglaciated areas. Landsat imagery of the study locations in 1991, 2003, and 2015 were classified and validated using ground truth points and visual interpretation for accuracy. To identify terrain and environmental factors that influence change, we modeled change from nonvegetated surfaces to vegetation (code=1) and the stable non-vegetation class (code=0). Results revealed elevation, slope, topographic moisture, geology, and aspect to be associated with increased vegetation over time at Jackson Glacier forefront. Elevation, slope, solar radiation, and geology were significant at Grinnell Glacier forefront, indicating some geographic differences in important factors. New case studies on vegetation change in recently deglaciated regions can deepen our knowledge about how glacier retreat at local scales results in recharged ecosystem dynamics. This study provides further insight on the future of alpine ecosystems as they respond to global climate change and a compelling new perspective on the future of the Park. Additionally, we demonstrate the benefits of using remote sensing applications to study land cover change as a proxy for vegetation colonization, especially in remote mountainous environments."]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"dc:format.medium","label":"Dc Format Medium","values":["ETD"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Spatio-Temporal Vegetation Change as related to terrain factors at two Glacier Forefronts, Glacier National Park, Montana"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.committeechair":["Resler, Lynn M.","Shao, Yang"],"dc:contributor.committeemember":["Butler, David R."],"dc:contributor.department":["Geography"],"dc:creator":["Lambert, Callie Brooke"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2019-02-02T09:02:02Z"],"dc:date.available":["2019-02-02T09:02:02Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2019-02-01"],"dc:description.abstract":["Glacier retreat is considered a clear sign of global climate change. Although a rich body of work has documented glacial response to climate warming trends, comparatively little research has assessed vegetation change in recently deglaciated areas. In this study, we assess vegetation change at two glacier forefronts in Glacier National Park, Montana, through remote sensing analysis, fieldwork validation, and statistical modelling. The research objectives were to: 1) quantify the spatial and temporal patterns of landcover change of five classes\"ice, rock, tree, shrub, and herbaceous at the two glacier forefronts in Glacier National Park, and 2) determine the role of selected biophysical terrain factors (elevation, slope, aspect, solar radiation, flow accumulation, TWI, and geology) on vegetation change at the deglaciated areas. Landsat imagery of the study locations in 1991, 2003, and 2015 were classified and validated using ground truth points and visual interpretation for accuracy. Overall accuracies were above 75% for all classified images. To identify biophysical correlates of change, we used generalized linear mixed models with non-vegetated surfaces to vegetation (code=1) or stable non-vegetation class (code=0) as a binary response variable. Results revealed elevation, slope, TWI, geology, and aspect to be associated with increased vegetation over time at Jackson Glacier forefront, whereas elevation, slope, solar radiation, and geology were significant at Grinnell Glacier forefront. New case studies on vegetation change in recently deglaciated regions can deepen our knowledge about how glacier retreat at local scales results in recharged ecosystem dynamics."],"dc:description.abstractgeneral":["Glacier retreat is considered a clear sign of global climate change. Although glaciers are retreating globally, comparatively little research has assessed how vegetation changes in recently deglaciated areas. The research objectives were to: 1) quantify patterns of landcover change of five classes—ice, rock, tree, shrub, and herbaceous at two glacier forefronts in Glacier National Park, and 2) determine the environmental and terrain factors that affect vegetation change at the deglaciated areas. Landsat imagery of the study locations in 1991, 2003, and 2015 were classified and validated using ground truth points and visual interpretation for accuracy. To identify terrain and environmental factors that influence change, we modeled change from nonvegetated surfaces to vegetation (code=1) and the stable non-vegetation class (code=0). Results revealed elevation, slope, topographic moisture, geology, and aspect to be associated with increased vegetation over time at Jackson Glacier forefront. Elevation, slope, solar radiation, and geology were significant at Grinnell Glacier forefront, indicating some geographic differences in important factors. New case studies on vegetation change in recently deglaciated regions can deepen our knowledge about how glacier retreat at local scales results in recharged ecosystem dynamics. This study provides further insight on the future of alpine ecosystems as they respond to global climate change and a compelling new perspective on the future of the Park. Additionally, we demonstrate the benefits of using remote sensing applications to study land cover change as a proxy for vegetation colonization, especially in remote mountainous environments."],"dc:description.degree":["Master of Science"],"dc:format.medium":["ETD"],"dc:identifier.other":["vt_gsexam:18067"],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87411"],"dc:publisher":["Virginia Tech"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright"],"dc:rights.uri":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dc:subject":["Physical geography","Glacier retreat","Vegetation change","Glacier National Park"],"dc:title":["Spatio-Temporal Vegetation Change as related to terrain factors at two Glacier Forefronts, Glacier National Park, Montana"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Geography"],"thesis:degree_level":["masters"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"],"thesis:institution_name":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:44Z"}