{"id":{"repo_id":"vt","oai_identifier":"oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/78300"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/vt/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/78300","repository":{"repo_id":"vt","name":"Virginia Tech","base_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Insights into the Liquefaction Hazards in Napier and Hastings Based on the Assessment of Data from the 1931 Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, Earthquake","abstract":"Hawke's Bay is situated on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand and has experienced several earthquakes in the past during which liquefaction occurred. The 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake is particularly interesting because it was the deadliest and one of the most damaging earthquakes in New Zealand's history. The study presented herein provides insights into the liquefaction hazards in Napier and Hastings based on the assessment of data from the 1931 Hawke's Bay event. Previous studies on the liquefaction hazard of the region have been performed, but the present work differs from those in that the liquefaction triggering and severity procedures are used to see if they can accurately predict observations from the 1931 event. Towards this end, the Cone Penetration Test (CPT)-based liquefaction triggering evaluations are used in liquefaction vulnerability assessment frameworks. It was found that liquefaction hazard in Napier is greater than Hastings. Additionally, Liquefaction Potential Index and Liquefaction Severity Number distributions across Napier and Hastings suggest that the analysis frameworks used are over-predicting the liquefaction hazard. This observation was reached through the comparison of predictions and 1931 post-earthquake observations. Possible causes for this over-prediction include the shortcomings in the analysis frameworks to account for the influence of non-liquefied layers in the profile on the severity of surficial liquefaction manifestations, shortcomings of the simplified liquefaction evaluation procedures to fully account for the depositional and compositional characteristics of the soil on liquefaction resistance, and the use of the assumption that the soils below the ground water table are fully saturated, which has been shown not to be the case at sites in Christchurch, New Zealand. The research community is still learning about earthquakes and liquefaction and this study demonstrates how historical earthquake accounts in a region can be used to assess the risk of the region from future earthquakes.","abstract_html":"Hawke's Bay is situated on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand and has experienced several earthquakes in the past during which liquefaction occurred. The 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake is particularly interesting because it was the deadliest and one of the most damaging earthquakes in New Zealand's history. The study presented herein provides insights into the liquefaction hazards in Napier and Hastings based on the assessment of data from the 1931 Hawke's Bay event. Previous studies on the liquefaction hazard of the region have been performed, but the present work differs from those in that the liquefaction triggering and severity procedures are used to see if they can accurately predict observations from the 1931 event. Towards this end, the Cone Penetration Test (CPT)-based liquefaction triggering evaluations are used in liquefaction vulnerability assessment frameworks. It was found that liquefaction hazard in Napier is greater than Hastings. Additionally, Liquefaction Potential Index and Liquefaction Severity Number distributions across Napier and Hastings suggest that the analysis frameworks used are over-predicting the liquefaction hazard. This observation was reached through the comparison of predictions and 1931 post-earthquake observations. Possible causes for this over-prediction include the shortcomings in the analysis frameworks to account for the influence of non-liquefied layers in the profile on the severity of surficial liquefaction manifestations, shortcomings of the simplified liquefaction evaluation procedures to fully account for the depositional and compositional characteristics of the soil on liquefaction resistance, and the use of the assumption that the soils below the ground water table are fully saturated, which has been shown not to be the case at sites in Christchurch, New Zealand. The research community is still learning about earthquakes and liquefaction and this study demonstrates how historical earthquake accounts in a region can be used to assess the risk of the region from future earthquakes.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Elkortbawi, Maya Roukos"],"institution":"Virginia Tech","degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"masters","degree_discipline":"Civil Engineering","degree_department":"Civil and Environmental Engineering","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":["Green, Russell A."],"committee_members":["Stark, Nina","Rodriguez-Marek, Adrian"],"year":2017,"date_issued":"2017-06-30","date_published":"2017-06-30","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:26Z","subjects":["Liquefaction","Hawke's Bay","1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake","Groundwater Model","New Zealand"],"languages":[],"rights":["In Copyright"],"rights_urls":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["vt_gsexam:11201"],"render_values":[{"text":"vt_gsexam:11201","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78300","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.committeechair","label":"Committee Chair","values":["Green, Russell A."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.committeemember","label":"Committee Member","values":["Stark, Nina","Rodriguez-Marek, Adrian"]},{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Civil and Environmental Engineering"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Elkortbawi, Maya Roukos"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2017-07-01T08:01:29Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2017-07-01T08:01:29Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2017-06-30"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Virginia Tech"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Civil Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Liquefaction","Hawke's Bay","1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake","Groundwater Model","New Zealand"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright"]},{"key":"dc:rights.uri","label":"Rights URI","values":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["vt_gsexam:11201"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78300"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Hawke's Bay is situated on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand and has experienced several earthquakes in the past during which liquefaction occurred. The 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake is particularly interesting because it was the deadliest and one of the most damaging earthquakes in New Zealand's history. The study presented herein provides insights into the liquefaction hazards in Napier and Hastings based on the assessment of data from the 1931 Hawke's Bay event. Previous studies on the liquefaction hazard of the region have been performed, but the present work differs from those in that the liquefaction triggering and severity procedures are used to see if they can accurately predict observations from the 1931 event. Towards this end, the Cone Penetration Test (CPT)-based liquefaction triggering evaluations are used in liquefaction vulnerability assessment frameworks. It was found that liquefaction hazard in Napier is greater than Hastings. Additionally, Liquefaction Potential Index and Liquefaction Severity Number distributions across Napier and Hastings suggest that the analysis frameworks used are over-predicting the liquefaction hazard. This observation was reached through the comparison of predictions and 1931 post-earthquake observations. Possible causes for this over-prediction include the shortcomings in the analysis frameworks to account for the influence of non-liquefied layers in the profile on the severity of surficial liquefaction manifestations, shortcomings of the simplified liquefaction evaluation procedures to fully account for the depositional and compositional characteristics of the soil on liquefaction resistance, and the use of the assumption that the soils below the ground water table are fully saturated, which has been shown not to be the case at sites in Christchurch, New Zealand. The research community is still learning about earthquakes and liquefaction and this study demonstrates how historical earthquake accounts in a region can be used to assess the risk of the region from future earthquakes."]},{"key":"dc:description.abstractgeneral","label":"General Abstract","values":["In light of the liquefaction-induced damage in Christchurch, New Zealand, there has been an increased awareness of the potential risk of liquefaction across New Zealand. Liquefaction is a phenomenon which occurs during earthquakes and results in a loss of strength in the soil. Hawke’s Bay, situated on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand, has experienced several earthquakes in the past during which liquefaction occurred. The most common manifestations of liquefaction are the appearance of sand boils (i.e., ejecting water and mud), ground subsidence, and lateral displacements near “free” faces such as river banks. As part of this study, these observations were compiled in a database. The 1931 Hawke’s Bay earthquake is particularly an interesting case study because it was the deadliest and one of the most damaging earthquakes in New Zealand’s history. Thus, this study aims to provide insights into the liquefaction hazards in areas of Hawke’s Bay based on the assessment of data from the 1931 event. The liquefaction analysis is performed using procedures widely used in practice. Input to the analysis comes from geotechnical site investigations, intensity of the shaking during the 1931 earthquake, and estimated groundwater elevations at the time of the earthquake. The results from the analysis are then compared to the mapped observations from the 1931 event. The research community is still learning about earthquakes and liquefaction and this study demonstrates how historical earthquake accounts in a region can be used to assess the risk of the region from future earthquakes."]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"dc:format.medium","label":"Dc Format Medium","values":["ETD"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Insights into the Liquefaction Hazards in Napier and Hastings Based on the Assessment of Data from the 1931 Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, Earthquake"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.committeechair":["Green, Russell A."],"dc:contributor.committeemember":["Stark, Nina","Rodriguez-Marek, Adrian"],"dc:contributor.department":["Civil and Environmental Engineering"],"dc:creator":["Elkortbawi, Maya Roukos"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2017-07-01T08:01:29Z"],"dc:date.available":["2017-07-01T08:01:29Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2017-06-30"],"dc:description.abstract":["Hawke's Bay is situated on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand and has experienced several earthquakes in the past during which liquefaction occurred. The 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake is particularly interesting because it was the deadliest and one of the most damaging earthquakes in New Zealand's history. The study presented herein provides insights into the liquefaction hazards in Napier and Hastings based on the assessment of data from the 1931 Hawke's Bay event. Previous studies on the liquefaction hazard of the region have been performed, but the present work differs from those in that the liquefaction triggering and severity procedures are used to see if they can accurately predict observations from the 1931 event. Towards this end, the Cone Penetration Test (CPT)-based liquefaction triggering evaluations are used in liquefaction vulnerability assessment frameworks. It was found that liquefaction hazard in Napier is greater than Hastings. Additionally, Liquefaction Potential Index and Liquefaction Severity Number distributions across Napier and Hastings suggest that the analysis frameworks used are over-predicting the liquefaction hazard. This observation was reached through the comparison of predictions and 1931 post-earthquake observations. Possible causes for this over-prediction include the shortcomings in the analysis frameworks to account for the influence of non-liquefied layers in the profile on the severity of surficial liquefaction manifestations, shortcomings of the simplified liquefaction evaluation procedures to fully account for the depositional and compositional characteristics of the soil on liquefaction resistance, and the use of the assumption that the soils below the ground water table are fully saturated, which has been shown not to be the case at sites in Christchurch, New Zealand. The research community is still learning about earthquakes and liquefaction and this study demonstrates how historical earthquake accounts in a region can be used to assess the risk of the region from future earthquakes."],"dc:description.abstractgeneral":["In light of the liquefaction-induced damage in Christchurch, New Zealand, there has been an increased awareness of the potential risk of liquefaction across New Zealand. Liquefaction is a phenomenon which occurs during earthquakes and results in a loss of strength in the soil. Hawke’s Bay, situated on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand, has experienced several earthquakes in the past during which liquefaction occurred. The most common manifestations of liquefaction are the appearance of sand boils (i.e., ejecting water and mud), ground subsidence, and lateral displacements near “free” faces such as river banks. As part of this study, these observations were compiled in a database. The 1931 Hawke’s Bay earthquake is particularly an interesting case study because it was the deadliest and one of the most damaging earthquakes in New Zealand’s history. Thus, this study aims to provide insights into the liquefaction hazards in areas of Hawke’s Bay based on the assessment of data from the 1931 event. The liquefaction analysis is performed using procedures widely used in practice. Input to the analysis comes from geotechnical site investigations, intensity of the shaking during the 1931 earthquake, and estimated groundwater elevations at the time of the earthquake. The results from the analysis are then compared to the mapped observations from the 1931 event. The research community is still learning about earthquakes and liquefaction and this study demonstrates how historical earthquake accounts in a region can be used to assess the risk of the region from future earthquakes."],"dc:description.degree":["Master of Science"],"dc:format.medium":["ETD"],"dc:identifier.other":["vt_gsexam:11201"],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78300"],"dc:publisher":["Virginia Tech"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright"],"dc:rights.uri":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dc:subject":["Liquefaction","Hawke's Bay","1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake","Groundwater Model","New Zealand"],"dc:title":["Insights into the Liquefaction Hazards in Napier and Hastings Based on the Assessment of Data from the 1931 Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, Earthquake"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Civil Engineering"],"thesis:degree_level":["masters"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"],"thesis:institution_name":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:26Z"}