{"id":{"repo_id":"vt","oai_identifier":"oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/64590"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/vt/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/64590","repository":{"repo_id":"vt","name":"Virginia Tech","base_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Change-over designs","abstract":"When it is necessary to apply several different treatments in succession to a given subject, the residual effect of one treatment on another must be taken into consideration. A number of various designs have been developed for this purpose. A number of them are presented in this paper and can be summarized as follows: Type I: Balanced for first-order residual effects. For n, the number of treatments, even, any number of Latin squares can be used; for n odd, an even number of squares is necessary. Type II: Formed by repeating the final period of Type I designs. Direct and residual effects are orthogonal. Type III: Formed from p<n corresponding rows of n-1 orthogonal nxn Latin squares. Type IV: Complete orthogonality except for subjects and residuals. Very efficient but large numbers of observations are necessary. Type V: Designs balanced for first and second order effects. Also formed from orthogonal Latin squares. Type VI: Designs orthogonal for direct, first and second order residuals. Designs presented for n=2, 3 and 5. Type VII: Orthogonal for linear, quadratic, ...components of direct and linear component of residual effects. Analysis includes linear direct x linear residual interaction. Designs given for n = 4, 5. Type VIII: Type II designs analyzed under model for Type VII designs. Less efficiency, but designs available for all n. Type IX: Designs useful for testing more than one treatment and direct x residual interactions. Analysis for most designs includes normal equations, analysis of variance, variances of estimates, expected mean squares, efficiencies and missing value formulas. A list of designs is presented in an appendix.","abstract_html":"When it is necessary to apply several different treatments in succession to a given subject, the residual effect of one treatment on another must be taken into consideration. A number of various designs have been developed for this purpose. A number of them are presented in this paper and can be summarized as follows: Type I: Balanced for first-order residual effects. For n, the number of treatments, even, any number of Latin squares can be used; for n odd, an even number of squares is necessary. Type II: Formed by repeating the final period of Type I designs. Direct and residual effects are orthogonal. Type III: Formed from p&lt;n corresponding rows of n-1 orthogonal nxn Latin squares. Type IV: Complete orthogonality except for subjects and residuals. Very efficient but large numbers of observations are necessary. Type V: Designs balanced for first and second order effects. Also formed from orthogonal Latin squares. Type VI: Designs orthogonal for direct, first and second order residuals. Designs presented for n=2, 3 and 5. Type VII: Orthogonal for linear, quadratic, ...components of direct and linear component of residual effects. Analysis includes linear direct x linear residual interaction. Designs given for n = 4, 5. Type VIII: Type II designs analyzed under model for Type VII designs. Less efficiency, but designs available for all n. Type IX: Designs useful for testing more than one treatment and direct x residual interactions. Analysis for most designs includes normal equations, analysis of variance, variances of estimates, expected mean squares, efficiencies and missing value formulas. A list of designs is presented in an appendix.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Mason, James Mark"],"institution":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"masters","degree_discipline":"Statistics","degree_department":"Statistics","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":1970,"date_issued":"1970","date_published":"1970","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:18:44Z","subjects":[],"languages":["en_US"],"rights":["In Copyright"],"rights_urls":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64590","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Statistics"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Mason, James Mark"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2016-02-01T14:44:59Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2016-02-01T14:44:59Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["1970"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"dc:type.dcmitype","label":"Dc Type Dcmitype","values":["Text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Statistics"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language.iso","label":"Language (ISO)","values":["en_US"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright"]},{"key":"dc:rights.uri","label":"Rights URI","values":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64590"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["When it is necessary to apply several different treatments in succession to a given subject, the residual effect of one treatment on another must be taken into consideration. A number of various designs have been developed for this purpose. A number of them are presented in this paper and can be summarized as follows: Type I: Balanced for first-order residual effects. For n, the number of treatments, even, any number of Latin squares can be used; for n odd, an even number of squares is necessary. Type II: Formed by repeating the final period of Type I designs. Direct and residual effects are orthogonal. Type III: Formed from p<n corresponding rows of n-1 orthogonal nxn Latin squares. Type IV: Complete orthogonality except for subjects and residuals. Very efficient but large numbers of observations are necessary. Type V: Designs balanced for first and second order effects. Also formed from orthogonal Latin squares. Type VI: Designs orthogonal for direct, first and second order residuals. Designs presented for n=2, 3 and 5. Type VII: Orthogonal for linear, quadratic, ...components of direct and linear component of residual effects. Analysis includes linear direct x linear residual interaction. Designs given for n = 4, 5. Type VIII: Type II designs analyzed under model for Type VII designs. Less efficiency, but designs available for all n. Type IX: Designs useful for testing more than one treatment and direct x residual interactions. Analysis for most designs includes normal equations, analysis of variance, variances of estimates, expected mean squares, efficiencies and missing value formulas. A list of designs is presented in an appendix."]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"dc:format.mimetype","label":"Dc Format Mimetype","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Change-over designs"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.department":["Statistics"],"dc:creator":["Mason, James Mark"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2016-02-01T14:44:59Z"],"dc:date.available":["2016-02-01T14:44:59Z"],"dc:date.issued":["1970"],"dc:description.abstract":["When it is necessary to apply several different treatments in succession to a given subject, the residual effect of one treatment on another must be taken into consideration. A number of various designs have been developed for this purpose. A number of them are presented in this paper and can be summarized as follows: Type I: Balanced for first-order residual effects. For n, the number of treatments, even, any number of Latin squares can be used; for n odd, an even number of squares is necessary. Type II: Formed by repeating the final period of Type I designs. Direct and residual effects are orthogonal. Type III: Formed from p<n corresponding rows of n-1 orthogonal nxn Latin squares. Type IV: Complete orthogonality except for subjects and residuals. Very efficient but large numbers of observations are necessary. Type V: Designs balanced for first and second order effects. Also formed from orthogonal Latin squares. Type VI: Designs orthogonal for direct, first and second order residuals. Designs presented for n=2, 3 and 5. Type VII: Orthogonal for linear, quadratic, ...components of direct and linear component of residual effects. Analysis includes linear direct x linear residual interaction. Designs given for n = 4, 5. Type VIII: Type II designs analyzed under model for Type VII designs. Less efficiency, but designs available for all n. Type IX: Designs useful for testing more than one treatment and direct x residual interactions. Analysis for most designs includes normal equations, analysis of variance, variances of estimates, expected mean squares, efficiencies and missing value formulas. A list of designs is presented in an appendix."],"dc:description.degree":["Master of Science"],"dc:format.mimetype":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64590"],"dc:language.iso":["en_US"],"dc:publisher":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright"],"dc:rights.uri":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dc:title":["Change-over designs"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"dc:type.dcmitype":["Text"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Statistics"],"thesis:degree_level":["masters"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"],"thesis:institution_name":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:18:44Z"}