{"id":{"repo_id":"vt","oai_identifier":"oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/64568"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/vt/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/64568","repository":{"repo_id":"vt","name":"Virginia Tech","base_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Preservation and nutritional value of caged layer waste treated with different preservatives","abstract":"Two experiments were conducted with caged layer waste. In the first experiment fresh waste was treated with: no additive, 2% formaldehyde, 3% sodium metabisulfite, 1% formaldehyde and 2% propionic acid, 3% formic and 2% propionic acids and stored in polyethylene lined 208 liter metal drums. In experiment II waste treated with 2% formaldehyde, 1 % formaldehyde and 2% prop ionic, 3 % formic and 2% propionic (w/w), stored for at least 42 d, used in a metabolism trial as N supplements to a basal diet fed to sheep. The formaldehyde, formaldehyde/propionic and formic/propionic treatments eliminated the bacterial decomposition of the waste and no undesirable fermentation was observed on the stored material. Waste treated with no additive or sodium metabisulfite underwent putrefaction. Nitrogen supplementation of a basal diet with treated caged layer wastes improved apparent digestibility of crude protein and N retention in sheep fed these diets. Supplementation of a basal diet with chemically treated caged layer waste improves the nutritional value of the diet which suggests that caged layer waste is efficiently utilized as a N source by ruminants when used as a protein supplement.","abstract_html":"Two experiments were conducted with caged layer waste. In the first experiment fresh waste was treated with: no additive, 2% formaldehyde, 3% sodium metabisulfite, 1% formaldehyde and 2% propionic acid, 3% formic and 2% propionic acids and stored in polyethylene lined 208 liter metal drums. In experiment II waste treated with 2% formaldehyde, 1 % formaldehyde and 2% prop ionic, 3 % formic and 2% propionic (w/w), stored for at least 42 d, used in a metabolism trial as N supplements to a basal diet fed to sheep. The formaldehyde, formaldehyde/propionic and formic/propionic treatments eliminated the bacterial decomposition of the waste and no undesirable fermentation was observed on the stored material. Waste treated with no additive or sodium metabisulfite underwent putrefaction. Nitrogen supplementation of a basal diet with treated caged layer wastes improved apparent digestibility of crude protein and N retention in sheep fed these diets. Supplementation of a basal diet with chemically treated caged layer waste improves the nutritional value of the diet which suggests that caged layer waste is efficiently utilized as a N source by ruminants when used as a protein supplement.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Wakeham, Andres I."],"institution":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"masters","degree_discipline":"Animal Science","degree_department":"Animal Science","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":1987,"date_issued":"1987","date_published":"1987","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:20:18Z","subjects":["Caged Layer Waste","Chemical Preservation","Nitrogen Retention","Digestibility","Sheep"],"languages":["en_US"],"rights":["In Copyright"],"rights_urls":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64568","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Animal Science"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Wakeham, Andres I."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2016-02-01T14:44:52Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2016-02-01T14:44:52Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["1987"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"dc:type.dcmitype","label":"Dc Type Dcmitype","values":["Text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Animal Science"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Caged Layer Waste","Chemical Preservation","Nitrogen Retention","Digestibility","Sheep"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language.iso","label":"Language (ISO)","values":["en_US"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright"]},{"key":"dc:rights.uri","label":"Rights URI","values":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64568"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Two experiments were conducted with caged layer waste. In the first experiment fresh waste was treated with: no additive, 2% formaldehyde, 3% sodium metabisulfite, 1% formaldehyde and 2% propionic acid, 3% formic and 2% propionic acids and stored in polyethylene lined 208 liter metal drums. In experiment II waste treated with 2% formaldehyde, 1 % formaldehyde and 2% prop ionic, 3 % formic and 2% propionic (w/w), stored for at least 42 d, used in a metabolism trial as N supplements to a basal diet fed to sheep. The formaldehyde, formaldehyde/propionic and formic/propionic treatments eliminated the bacterial decomposition of the waste and no undesirable fermentation was observed on the stored material. Waste treated with no additive or sodium metabisulfite underwent putrefaction. Nitrogen supplementation of a basal diet with treated caged layer wastes improved apparent digestibility of crude protein and N retention in sheep fed these diets. Supplementation of a basal diet with chemically treated caged layer waste improves the nutritional value of the diet which suggests that caged layer waste is efficiently utilized as a N source by ruminants when used as a protein supplement."]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"dc:format.mimetype","label":"Dc Format Mimetype","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Preservation and nutritional value of caged layer waste treated with different preservatives"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.department":["Animal Science"],"dc:creator":["Wakeham, Andres I."],"dc:date.accessioned":["2016-02-01T14:44:52Z"],"dc:date.available":["2016-02-01T14:44:52Z"],"dc:date.issued":["1987"],"dc:description.abstract":["Two experiments were conducted with caged layer waste. In the first experiment fresh waste was treated with: no additive, 2% formaldehyde, 3% sodium metabisulfite, 1% formaldehyde and 2% propionic acid, 3% formic and 2% propionic acids and stored in polyethylene lined 208 liter metal drums. In experiment II waste treated with 2% formaldehyde, 1 % formaldehyde and 2% prop ionic, 3 % formic and 2% propionic (w/w), stored for at least 42 d, used in a metabolism trial as N supplements to a basal diet fed to sheep. The formaldehyde, formaldehyde/propionic and formic/propionic treatments eliminated the bacterial decomposition of the waste and no undesirable fermentation was observed on the stored material. Waste treated with no additive or sodium metabisulfite underwent putrefaction. Nitrogen supplementation of a basal diet with treated caged layer wastes improved apparent digestibility of crude protein and N retention in sheep fed these diets. Supplementation of a basal diet with chemically treated caged layer waste improves the nutritional value of the diet which suggests that caged layer waste is efficiently utilized as a N source by ruminants when used as a protein supplement."],"dc:description.degree":["Master of Science"],"dc:format.mimetype":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64568"],"dc:language.iso":["en_US"],"dc:publisher":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright"],"dc:rights.uri":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dc:subject":["Caged Layer Waste","Chemical Preservation","Nitrogen Retention","Digestibility","Sheep"],"dc:title":["Preservation and nutritional value of caged layer waste treated with different preservatives"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"dc:type.dcmitype":["Text"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Animal Science"],"thesis:degree_level":["masters"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"],"thesis:institution_name":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:20:18Z"}