{"id":{"repo_id":"vt","oai_identifier":"oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/56180"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/vt/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/56180","repository":{"repo_id":"vt","name":"Virginia Tech","base_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"A study of the \"Phoenix phenomenon\" in Clostridium perfringens","abstract":"The \"Phoenix phenomenon\" as first noted by Collee <u>et al.</u> (1961) was investigated for <u>Clostridium perfringens</u> HT₉ and HT₁₀. The \"Phoenix phenomenon\" is described by an initial decrease in counts (Phase I), followed by an increase to the initial level of counts (Phase II), and continued increase above the initial counts to give maximum counts (Phase III). Under similar conditions as employed by Collee <u>et al.</u> (1961), the \"Phoenix phenomenon\" was reproduced for <u>C. perfringens</u> HT₉ and HT₁₀ at 51.7 C and 51.5 C, respectively. The effect of sporulation, age of inoculum, anaerobiosis, assay medium, growth inhibitors, and diluent were studied. The \"Phoenix phenomenon\" was reproduced in experiments using sporulation negative mutants derived from HT₉, various ages of inocula, and under strict anaerobic conditions. Similarly, all of the assay media tested: sulfite-iron agar, tryptose-soytone-yeast extract agar, peptone-yeast extract agar, veal agar, and pre-reduced veal agar, gave the \"Phoenix phenomenon\". The presence of a DNA inhibitor at the minimum point of the growth curve (end of Phase I) had no effect on the appearance of the \"Phoenix phenomenon\" (Phase II), however Phase III was completely inhibited. This indicated that Phase I and II was an injury-recovery process. The type and temperature of diluent was varied and the results indicate that although temperature of diluent had no effect on enumeration, a veal diluent relieved some of the stress to the organism in giving a less pronounced Phoenix effect.","abstract_html":"The &quot;Phoenix phenomenon&quot; as first noted by Collee &lt;u&gt;et al.&lt;/u&gt; (1961) was investigated for &lt;u&gt;Clostridium perfringens&lt;/u&gt; HT₉ and HT₁₀. The &quot;Phoenix phenomenon&quot; is described by an initial decrease in counts (Phase I), followed by an increase to the initial level of counts (Phase II), and continued increase above the initial counts to give maximum counts (Phase III). Under similar conditions as employed by Collee &lt;u&gt;et al.&lt;/u&gt; (1961), the &quot;Phoenix phenomenon&quot; was reproduced for &lt;u&gt;C. perfringens&lt;/u&gt; HT₉ and HT₁₀ at 51.7 C and 51.5 C, respectively. The effect of sporulation, age of inoculum, anaerobiosis, assay medium, growth inhibitors, and diluent were studied. The &quot;Phoenix phenomenon&quot; was reproduced in experiments using sporulation negative mutants derived from HT₉, various ages of inocula, and under strict anaerobic conditions. Similarly, all of the assay media tested: sulfite-iron agar, tryptose-soytone-yeast extract agar, peptone-yeast extract agar, veal agar, and pre-reduced veal agar, gave the &quot;Phoenix phenomenon&quot;. The presence of a DNA inhibitor at the minimum point of the growth curve (end of Phase I) had no effect on the appearance of the &quot;Phoenix phenomenon&quot; (Phase II), however Phase III was completely inhibited. This indicated that Phase I and II was an injury-recovery process. The type and temperature of diluent was varied and the results indicate that although temperature of diluent had no effect on enumeration, a veal diluent relieved some of the stress to the organism in giving a less pronounced Phoenix effect.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Payne, Sharon L."],"institution":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"masters","degree_discipline":"Food Science and Technology","degree_department":"Food Science and Technology","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":1973,"date_issued":"1973","date_published":"1973","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:22Z","subjects":[],"languages":["en"],"rights":["In Copyright"],"rights_urls":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56180","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Food Science and Technology"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Payne, Sharon L."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2015-08-07T14:18:06Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2015-08-07T14:18:06Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["1973"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"dc:type.dcmitype","label":"Dc Type Dcmitype","values":["Text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Food Science and Technology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language.iso","label":"Language (ISO)","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright"]},{"key":"dc:rights.uri","label":"Rights URI","values":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56180"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The \"Phoenix phenomenon\" as first noted by Collee <u>et al.</u> (1961) was investigated for <u>Clostridium perfringens</u> HT₉ and HT₁₀. The \"Phoenix phenomenon\" is described by an initial decrease in counts (Phase I), followed by an increase to the initial level of counts (Phase II), and continued increase above the initial counts to give maximum counts (Phase III). Under similar conditions as employed by Collee <u>et al.</u> (1961), the \"Phoenix phenomenon\" was reproduced for <u>C. perfringens</u> HT₉ and HT₁₀ at 51.7 C and 51.5 C, respectively. The effect of sporulation, age of inoculum, anaerobiosis, assay medium, growth inhibitors, and diluent were studied. The \"Phoenix phenomenon\" was reproduced in experiments using sporulation negative mutants derived from HT₉, various ages of inocula, and under strict anaerobic conditions. Similarly, all of the assay media tested: sulfite-iron agar, tryptose-soytone-yeast extract agar, peptone-yeast extract agar, veal agar, and pre-reduced veal agar, gave the \"Phoenix phenomenon\". The presence of a DNA inhibitor at the minimum point of the growth curve (end of Phase I) had no effect on the appearance of the \"Phoenix phenomenon\" (Phase II), however Phase III was completely inhibited. This indicated that Phase I and II was an injury-recovery process. The type and temperature of diluent was varied and the results indicate that although temperature of diluent had no effect on enumeration, a veal diluent relieved some of the stress to the organism in giving a less pronounced Phoenix effect."]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"dc:format.mimetype","label":"Dc Format Mimetype","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["A study of the \"Phoenix phenomenon\" in Clostridium perfringens"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.department":["Food Science and Technology"],"dc:creator":["Payne, Sharon L."],"dc:date.accessioned":["2015-08-07T14:18:06Z"],"dc:date.available":["2015-08-07T14:18:06Z"],"dc:date.issued":["1973"],"dc:description.abstract":["The \"Phoenix phenomenon\" as first noted by Collee <u>et al.</u> (1961) was investigated for <u>Clostridium perfringens</u> HT₉ and HT₁₀. The \"Phoenix phenomenon\" is described by an initial decrease in counts (Phase I), followed by an increase to the initial level of counts (Phase II), and continued increase above the initial counts to give maximum counts (Phase III). Under similar conditions as employed by Collee <u>et al.</u> (1961), the \"Phoenix phenomenon\" was reproduced for <u>C. perfringens</u> HT₉ and HT₁₀ at 51.7 C and 51.5 C, respectively. The effect of sporulation, age of inoculum, anaerobiosis, assay medium, growth inhibitors, and diluent were studied. The \"Phoenix phenomenon\" was reproduced in experiments using sporulation negative mutants derived from HT₉, various ages of inocula, and under strict anaerobic conditions. Similarly, all of the assay media tested: sulfite-iron agar, tryptose-soytone-yeast extract agar, peptone-yeast extract agar, veal agar, and pre-reduced veal agar, gave the \"Phoenix phenomenon\". The presence of a DNA inhibitor at the minimum point of the growth curve (end of Phase I) had no effect on the appearance of the \"Phoenix phenomenon\" (Phase II), however Phase III was completely inhibited. This indicated that Phase I and II was an injury-recovery process. The type and temperature of diluent was varied and the results indicate that although temperature of diluent had no effect on enumeration, a veal diluent relieved some of the stress to the organism in giving a less pronounced Phoenix effect."],"dc:description.degree":["Master of Science"],"dc:format.mimetype":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56180"],"dc:language.iso":["en"],"dc:publisher":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright"],"dc:rights.uri":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dc:title":["A study of the \"Phoenix phenomenon\" in Clostridium perfringens"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"dc:type.dcmitype":["Text"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Food Science and Technology"],"thesis:degree_level":["masters"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"],"thesis:institution_name":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:22Z"}