{"id":{"repo_id":"vt","oai_identifier":"oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/50950"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/vt/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/50950","repository":{"repo_id":"vt","name":"Virginia Tech","base_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Economic Viability of Woody Bioenergy Cropping for Surface Mine Reclamation","abstract":"Planting woody biomass for energy production can be used as a mine reclamation procedure to satisfy the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) and provide renewable energy for the United States. This study examines the economic viability of bioenergy production on previously mined lands using multiple hardwood species and treatments. Five species were planted at two densities; one-half of the trees were fertilized in year two. Height and diameter of the trees were measured annually for five years; the first three years by cooperating researchers at Virginia Tech, the last two years specifically for this report. Current and predicted mass of the species, effects of planting density and fertilizer application, and the land expectation value (LEV) of each treatment were summarized. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine how changes in production costs, stumpage price, rotation length, and interest rate affect the economic feasibility of bioenergy production. Renewable energy and mine reclamation policies were investigated and it was determined that woody bioenergy can be planted as a mine reclamation procedure and may receive financial incentives. Production cost appears to have the largest impact on LEV and is often the difference between positive and negative returns for the landowner. The extra cost of fertilization and high density planting do not increase LEV; the unfertilized, low density treatments have the best LEV in all examined scenarios. In general, bioenergy was found to be economically viable as a mine reclamation procedure only in limited circumstances. In low cost, high price scenarios, bioenergy crops could have the potential to reforest both active and abandoned mine lands throughout southern Appalachia.","abstract_html":"Planting woody biomass for energy production can be used as a mine reclamation procedure to satisfy the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) and provide renewable energy for the United States. This study examines the economic viability of bioenergy production on previously mined lands using multiple hardwood species and treatments. Five species were planted at two densities; one-half of the trees were fertilized in year two. Height and diameter of the trees were measured annually for five years; the first three years by cooperating researchers at Virginia Tech, the last two years specifically for this report. Current and predicted mass of the species, effects of planting density and fertilizer application, and the land expectation value (LEV) of each treatment were summarized. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine how changes in production costs, stumpage price, rotation length, and interest rate affect the economic feasibility of bioenergy production. Renewable energy and mine reclamation policies were investigated and it was determined that woody bioenergy can be planted as a mine reclamation procedure and may receive financial incentives. Production cost appears to have the largest impact on LEV and is often the difference between positive and negative returns for the landowner. The extra cost of fertilization and high density planting do not increase LEV; the unfertilized, low density treatments have the best LEV in all examined scenarios. In general, bioenergy was found to be economically viable as a mine reclamation procedure only in limited circumstances. In low cost, high price scenarios, bioenergy crops could have the potential to reforest both active and abandoned mine lands throughout southern Appalachia.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Leveroos, Maura K."],"institution":"Virginia Tech","degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"masters","degree_discipline":"Forestry","degree_department":"Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":["Sullivan, Bradley J."],"committee_members":["Thomas, Valerie A.","Amacher, Gregory S.","Zipper, Carl E."],"year":2013,"date_issued":"2013-06-07","date_published":"2013-06-07","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:31Z","subjects":["Post mining land use","SMCRA","hardwood growth","alternative energy production"],"languages":[],"rights":["In Copyright"],"rights_urls":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["vt_gsexam:806"],"render_values":[{"text":"vt_gsexam:806","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50950","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.committeechair","label":"Committee Chair","values":["Sullivan, Bradley J."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.committeemember","label":"Committee Member","values":["Thomas, Valerie A.","Amacher, Gregory S.","Zipper, Carl E."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Leveroos, Maura K."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2014-11-30T07:00:11Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2014-11-30T07:00:11Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2013-06-07"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Virginia Tech"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Forestry"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Post mining land use","SMCRA","hardwood growth","alternative energy production"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright"]},{"key":"dc:rights.uri","label":"Rights URI","values":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["vt_gsexam:806"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50950"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Planting woody biomass for energy production can be used as a mine reclamation procedure to satisfy the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) and provide renewable energy for the United States. This study examines the economic viability of bioenergy production on previously mined lands using multiple hardwood species and treatments. Five species were planted at two densities; one-half of the trees were fertilized in year two. Height and diameter of the trees were measured annually for five years; the first three years by cooperating researchers at Virginia Tech, the last two years specifically for this report. Current and predicted mass of the species, effects of planting density and fertilizer application, and the land expectation value (LEV) of each treatment were summarized. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine how changes in production costs, stumpage price, rotation length, and interest rate affect the economic feasibility of bioenergy production. Renewable energy and mine reclamation policies were investigated and it was determined that woody bioenergy can be planted as a mine reclamation procedure and may receive financial incentives. Production cost appears to have the largest impact on LEV and is often the difference between positive and negative returns for the landowner. The extra cost of fertilization and high density planting do not increase LEV; the unfertilized, low density treatments have the best LEV in all examined scenarios. In general, bioenergy was found to be economically viable as a mine reclamation procedure only in limited circumstances. In low cost, high price scenarios, bioenergy crops could have the potential to reforest both active and abandoned mine lands throughout southern Appalachia."]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"dc:format.medium","label":"Dc Format Medium","values":["ETD"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Economic Viability of Woody Bioenergy Cropping for Surface Mine Reclamation"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.committeechair":["Sullivan, Bradley J."],"dc:contributor.committeemember":["Thomas, Valerie A.","Amacher, Gregory S.","Zipper, Carl E."],"dc:contributor.department":["Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation"],"dc:creator":["Leveroos, Maura K."],"dc:date.accessioned":["2014-11-30T07:00:11Z"],"dc:date.available":["2014-11-30T07:00:11Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2013-06-07"],"dc:description.abstract":["Planting woody biomass for energy production can be used as a mine reclamation procedure to satisfy the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) and provide renewable energy for the United States. This study examines the economic viability of bioenergy production on previously mined lands using multiple hardwood species and treatments. Five species were planted at two densities; one-half of the trees were fertilized in year two. Height and diameter of the trees were measured annually for five years; the first three years by cooperating researchers at Virginia Tech, the last two years specifically for this report. Current and predicted mass of the species, effects of planting density and fertilizer application, and the land expectation value (LEV) of each treatment were summarized. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine how changes in production costs, stumpage price, rotation length, and interest rate affect the economic feasibility of bioenergy production. Renewable energy and mine reclamation policies were investigated and it was determined that woody bioenergy can be planted as a mine reclamation procedure and may receive financial incentives. Production cost appears to have the largest impact on LEV and is often the difference between positive and negative returns for the landowner. The extra cost of fertilization and high density planting do not increase LEV; the unfertilized, low density treatments have the best LEV in all examined scenarios. In general, bioenergy was found to be economically viable as a mine reclamation procedure only in limited circumstances. 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