{"id":{"repo_id":"vt","oai_identifier":"oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/48896"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/vt/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/48896","repository":{"repo_id":"vt","name":"Virginia Tech","base_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Evaluation of Peanut Skin Extract, Grape Seed Extract, and Grape Seed Extract Fractions to Reduce Populations of Select Foodborne Pathogens","abstract":"Grape seed extract (GSE) and peanut skin extract (PSE) are waste products in the wine and peanut industries. Both extracts have high concentrations of polyphenols, known to possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. A subcategory of polyphenol is procyanidin, which can be divided into two types, type A and type B. Type A (PSE), contains two single bonds connecting the phenolic groups while type B (GSE), contains one single bond connecting the phenolic groups. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the two extracts was evaluated for their antimicrobial effect on Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella Typhimurium using the pour plate method. GSE was found to have a significantly lower MIC (p ≤ 0.05) than PSE for L. monocytogenes (GSE=60.60ppm, PSE=not found), S. aureus (GSE=38.63ppm, PSE=51.36ppm), and S. Typhimurium (GSE=45.73ppm, PSE=60.60ppm). There was no significant difference in inhibition of E. coli O157:H7 (GSE=47.44ppm, PSE=51.13ppm). Since GSE, contributed to greater pathogen inhibition, its extract was fractionated into monomer and oligomers components. Growth curves of all four pathogens inoculated in the monomer and oligomer fractions were compared using the BioScreen method. Oligomers inhibited growth of L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, and E. coli O157:H7 while monomers inhibited growth of S. Typhimurium. These results indicate that an extract with type B procyanidins that are high in oligomers may be more effective as antimicrobials. Type B procyanidins have also been shown to prevent bacterial adhesion, as is the case with urinary tract infections, and may aid in the prevention of biofilms.","abstract_html":"Grape seed extract (GSE) and peanut skin extract (PSE) are waste products in the wine and peanut industries. Both extracts have high concentrations of polyphenols, known to possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. A subcategory of polyphenol is procyanidin, which can be divided into two types, type A and type B. Type A (PSE), contains two single bonds connecting the phenolic groups while type B (GSE), contains one single bond connecting the phenolic groups. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the two extracts was evaluated for their antimicrobial effect on Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella Typhimurium using the pour plate method. GSE was found to have a significantly lower MIC (p ≤ 0.05) than PSE for L. monocytogenes (GSE=60.60ppm, PSE=not found), S. aureus (GSE=38.63ppm, PSE=51.36ppm), and S. Typhimurium (GSE=45.73ppm, PSE=60.60ppm). There was no significant difference in inhibition of E. coli O157:H7 (GSE=47.44ppm, PSE=51.13ppm). Since GSE, contributed to greater pathogen inhibition, its extract was fractionated into monomer and oligomers components. Growth curves of all four pathogens inoculated in the monomer and oligomer fractions were compared using the BioScreen method. Oligomers inhibited growth of L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, and E. coli O157:H7 while monomers inhibited growth of S. Typhimurium. These results indicate that an extract with type B procyanidins that are high in oligomers may be more effective as antimicrobials. Type B procyanidins have also been shown to prevent bacterial adhesion, as is the case with urinary tract infections, and may aid in the prevention of biofilms.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Levy, Jason M."],"institution":"Virginia Tech","degree_name":"Master of Science in Life Sciences","degree_level":"masters","degree_discipline":"Food Science and Technology","degree_department":"Food Science and Technology","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":["Boyer, Renee R."],"committee_members":["O'Keefe, Sean F.","Neilson, Andrew P.","Williams, Robert C."],"year":2014,"date_issued":"2014-06-10","date_published":"2014-06-10","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:41Z","subjects":["Polyphenols","natural antimicrobials","grape seed extract","Vitis vinifera","peanut skin extract","E. coli O157:H7","Listeria monocytogenes","S. aureus","Salmonella Typhimurium"],"languages":[],"rights":["In Copyright"],"rights_urls":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["vt_gsexam:3066"],"render_values":[{"text":"vt_gsexam:3066","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/48896","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.committeechair","label":"Committee Chair","values":["Boyer, Renee R."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.committeemember","label":"Committee Member","values":["O'Keefe, Sean F.","Neilson, Andrew P.","Williams, Robert C."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Food Science and Technology"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Levy, Jason M."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2014-06-11T08:01:35Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2014-06-11T08:01:35Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2014-06-10"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Virginia Tech"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Food Science and Technology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science in Life Sciences"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Polyphenols","natural antimicrobials","grape seed extract","Vitis vinifera","peanut skin extract","E. coli O157:H7","Listeria monocytogenes","S. aureus","Salmonella Typhimurium"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright"]},{"key":"dc:rights.uri","label":"Rights URI","values":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["vt_gsexam:3066"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/48896"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Grape seed extract (GSE) and peanut skin extract (PSE) are waste products in the wine and peanut industries. Both extracts have high concentrations of polyphenols, known to possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. A subcategory of polyphenol is procyanidin, which can be divided into two types, type A and type B. Type A (PSE), contains two single bonds connecting the phenolic groups while type B (GSE), contains one single bond connecting the phenolic groups. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the two extracts was evaluated for their antimicrobial effect on Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella Typhimurium using the pour plate method. GSE was found to have a significantly lower MIC (p ≤ 0.05) than PSE for L. monocytogenes (GSE=60.60ppm, PSE=not found), S. aureus (GSE=38.63ppm, PSE=51.36ppm), and S. Typhimurium (GSE=45.73ppm, PSE=60.60ppm). There was no significant difference in inhibition of E. coli O157:H7 (GSE=47.44ppm, PSE=51.13ppm). Since GSE, contributed to greater pathogen inhibition, its extract was fractionated into monomer and oligomers components. Growth curves of all four pathogens inoculated in the monomer and oligomer fractions were compared using the BioScreen method. Oligomers inhibited growth of L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, and E. coli O157:H7 while monomers inhibited growth of S. Typhimurium. These results indicate that an extract with type B procyanidins that are high in oligomers may be more effective as antimicrobials. Type B procyanidins have also been shown to prevent bacterial adhesion, as is the case with urinary tract infections, and may aid in the prevention of biofilms."]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["Master of Science in Life Sciences"]},{"key":"dc:format.medium","label":"Dc Format Medium","values":["ETD"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Evaluation of Peanut Skin Extract, Grape Seed Extract, and Grape Seed Extract Fractions to Reduce Populations of Select Foodborne Pathogens"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.committeechair":["Boyer, Renee R."],"dc:contributor.committeemember":["O'Keefe, Sean F.","Neilson, Andrew P.","Williams, Robert C."],"dc:contributor.department":["Food Science and Technology"],"dc:creator":["Levy, Jason M."],"dc:date.accessioned":["2014-06-11T08:01:35Z"],"dc:date.available":["2014-06-11T08:01:35Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2014-06-10"],"dc:description.abstract":["Grape seed extract (GSE) and peanut skin extract (PSE) are waste products in the wine and peanut industries. Both extracts have high concentrations of polyphenols, known to possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. A subcategory of polyphenol is procyanidin, which can be divided into two types, type A and type B. Type A (PSE), contains two single bonds connecting the phenolic groups while type B (GSE), contains one single bond connecting the phenolic groups. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the two extracts was evaluated for their antimicrobial effect on Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella Typhimurium using the pour plate method. GSE was found to have a significantly lower MIC (p ≤ 0.05) than PSE for L. monocytogenes (GSE=60.60ppm, PSE=not found), S. aureus (GSE=38.63ppm, PSE=51.36ppm), and S. Typhimurium (GSE=45.73ppm, PSE=60.60ppm). There was no significant difference in inhibition of E. coli O157:H7 (GSE=47.44ppm, PSE=51.13ppm). Since GSE, contributed to greater pathogen inhibition, its extract was fractionated into monomer and oligomers components. Growth curves of all four pathogens inoculated in the monomer and oligomer fractions were compared using the BioScreen method. Oligomers inhibited growth of L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, and E. coli O157:H7 while monomers inhibited growth of S. Typhimurium. These results indicate that an extract with type B procyanidins that are high in oligomers may be more effective as antimicrobials. Type B procyanidins have also been shown to prevent bacterial adhesion, as is the case with urinary tract infections, and may aid in the prevention of biofilms."],"dc:description.degree":["Master of Science in Life Sciences"],"dc:format.medium":["ETD"],"dc:identifier.other":["vt_gsexam:3066"],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/48896"],"dc:publisher":["Virginia Tech"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright"],"dc:rights.uri":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dc:subject":["Polyphenols","natural antimicrobials","grape seed extract","Vitis vinifera","peanut skin extract","E. coli O157:H7","Listeria monocytogenes","S. aureus","Salmonella Typhimurium"],"dc:title":["Evaluation of Peanut Skin Extract, Grape Seed Extract, and Grape Seed Extract Fractions to Reduce Populations of Select Foodborne Pathogens"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Food Science and Technology"],"thesis:degree_level":["masters"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science in Life Sciences"],"thesis:institution_name":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:41Z"}