{"id":{"repo_id":"vt","oai_identifier":"oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/43941"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/vt/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/43941","repository":{"repo_id":"vt","name":"Virginia Tech","base_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"The removal of low levels of poliovirus from water by coagulation with alum","abstract":"Human enteric viruses are present at low levels in sources of potable water. Due to the low minimum infective dose required for such viruses, these low levels are of public health significance and will become more important as water reuse increases. The effectiveness of alum coagulation for virus removal was evaluated using a synthetic water seeded with monodispersed poliovirus LScl. Experiments were done using 10(3),10(4),10(6) Plaque Forming Units (PFU) per liter. A microporous filter concentration technique was used post treatment to increase the virus titer to make possible virus enumeration by plaque assay on BGM cell cultures. Preliminary work was done to determine the efficiency of the concentration technique at 10(3),10(4),10(6)and PFU per liter. An average of 30.9 per cent of the original PFU were recovered. Two coagulation test methods were used at the lower virus titers. In one, virus was added to the system after the coagulant during the flash mix period and in the other, the coagulant was added to water already seeded with virus. Removals were similar for both conditions. Alum coagulation was found to remove 95 percent of the virus present at the low titers. This efficiency of virus removal is similar to that observed at high initial virus titers. Therefore, it appears that alum coagulation is an effective virus removal method.","abstract_html":"Human enteric viruses are present at low levels in sources of potable water. Due to the low minimum infective dose required for such viruses, these low levels are of public health significance and will become more important as water reuse increases. The effectiveness of alum coagulation for virus removal was evaluated using a synthetic water seeded with monodispersed poliovirus LScl. Experiments were done using 10(3),10(4),10(6) Plaque Forming Units (PFU) per liter. A microporous filter concentration technique was used post treatment to increase the virus titer to make possible virus enumeration by plaque assay on BGM cell cultures. Preliminary work was done to determine the efficiency of the concentration technique at 10(3),10(4),10(6)and PFU per liter. An average of 30.9 per cent of the original PFU were recovered. Two coagulation test methods were used at the lower virus titers. In one, virus was added to the system after the coagulant during the flash mix period and in the other, the coagulant was added to water already seeded with virus. Removals were similar for both conditions. Alum coagulation was found to remove 95 percent of the virus present at the low titers. This efficiency of virus removal is similar to that observed at high initial virus titers. Therefore, it appears that alum coagulation is an effective virus removal method.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Graham, Richard Gilbert"],"institution":"Virginia Tech","degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"masters","degree_discipline":"Environmental Sciences and Engineering","degree_department":"Environmental Sciences and Engineering","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":["Hoehn, Robert C.","Bates, Robert C."],"committee_members":["Boardman, Gregory D."],"year":1977,"date_issued":"1977-12-15","date_published":"1977-12-15","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:20:12Z","subjects":[],"languages":[],"rights":["In Copyright"],"rights_urls":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["etd-07282010-020155"],"render_values":[{"text":"etd-07282010-020155","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43941","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.committeechair","label":"Committee Chair","values":["Hoehn, Robert C.","Bates, Robert C."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.committeemember","label":"Committee Member","values":["Boardman, Gregory D."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Environmental Sciences and Engineering"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Graham, Richard Gilbert"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2014-03-14T21:41:24Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2014-03-14T21:41:24Z","2010-07-28"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["1977-12-15"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Virginia Tech"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"dc:type.dcmitype","label":"Dc Type Dcmitype","values":["Text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Environmental Sciences and Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright"]},{"key":"dc:rights.uri","label":"Rights URI","values":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["etd-07282010-020155"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43941"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Human enteric viruses are present at low levels in sources of potable water. Due to the low minimum infective dose required for such viruses, these low levels are of public health significance and will become more important as water reuse increases. The effectiveness of alum coagulation for virus removal was evaluated using a synthetic water seeded with monodispersed poliovirus LScl. Experiments were done using 10(3),10(4),10(6) Plaque Forming Units (PFU) per liter. A microporous filter concentration technique was used post treatment to increase the virus titer to make possible virus enumeration by plaque assay on BGM cell cultures. Preliminary work was done to determine the efficiency of the concentration technique at 10(3),10(4),10(6)and PFU per liter. An average of 30.9 per cent of the original PFU were recovered. Two coagulation test methods were used at the lower virus titers. In one, virus was added to the system after the coagulant during the flash mix period and in the other, the coagulant was added to water already seeded with virus. Removals were similar for both conditions. Alum coagulation was found to remove 95 percent of the virus present at the low titers. This efficiency of virus removal is similar to that observed at high initial virus titers. Therefore, it appears that alum coagulation is an effective virus removal method."]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"dc:format.medium","label":"Dc Format Medium","values":["BTD"]},{"key":"dc:format.mimetype","label":"Dc Format Mimetype","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The removal of low levels of poliovirus from water by coagulation with alum"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.committeechair":["Hoehn, Robert C.","Bates, Robert C."],"dc:contributor.committeemember":["Boardman, Gregory D."],"dc:contributor.department":["Environmental Sciences and Engineering"],"dc:creator":["Graham, Richard Gilbert"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2014-03-14T21:41:24Z"],"dc:date.available":["2014-03-14T21:41:24Z","2010-07-28"],"dc:date.issued":["1977-12-15"],"dc:description.abstract":["Human enteric viruses are present at low levels in sources of potable water. Due to the low minimum infective dose required for such viruses, these low levels are of public health significance and will become more important as water reuse increases. The effectiveness of alum coagulation for virus removal was evaluated using a synthetic water seeded with monodispersed poliovirus LScl. Experiments were done using 10(3),10(4),10(6) Plaque Forming Units (PFU) per liter. A microporous filter concentration technique was used post treatment to increase the virus titer to make possible virus enumeration by plaque assay on BGM cell cultures. Preliminary work was done to determine the efficiency of the concentration technique at 10(3),10(4),10(6)and PFU per liter. An average of 30.9 per cent of the original PFU were recovered. Two coagulation test methods were used at the lower virus titers. In one, virus was added to the system after the coagulant during the flash mix period and in the other, the coagulant was added to water already seeded with virus. Removals were similar for both conditions. Alum coagulation was found to remove 95 percent of the virus present at the low titers. This efficiency of virus removal is similar to that observed at high initial virus titers. 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