{"id":{"repo_id":"vt","oai_identifier":"oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/43916"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/vt/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/43916","repository":{"repo_id":"vt","name":"Virginia Tech","base_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"The Effects of Pruning on Wind Resistance of Shade Trees","abstract":"Three tree species, Freeman maple (Acer x. freemanii), swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor (Willd.)) and shingle oak (Quercus imbricaria (Michx.)) were tested before and after pruning to determine the effectiveness of pruning on reducing drag and bending moment. Pruning methods were thin, reduce and raise and meet the requirements set by the American National Standard Institute A300 standards for Tree Care Operations Trees, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Maintenance - Standard Practices (Pruning). Trees were tested up to speeds of 22.4m*s-1 over 1.6km by driving them in the bed of a truck. Drag, based on a centroid of the crown, and a bending moment was calculated. Drag and bending moment were also normalized by tree mass and crown area. Reduction pruning worked more effectively for Freeman maple and raise pruning for swamp white oak at reducing drag. Simple to measure tree characteristics were analyzed to determine the best predictors of drag and bending moment in the field. Tree mass frequently was the best predictor of drag and bending moment. Information should be used with caution due to the fact that the trees tested were small stature and a limited number of trees were tested.","abstract_html":"Three tree species, Freeman maple (Acer x. freemanii), swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor (Willd.)) and shingle oak (Quercus imbricaria (Michx.)) were tested before and after pruning to determine the effectiveness of pruning on reducing drag and bending moment. Pruning methods were thin, reduce and raise and meet the requirements set by the American National Standard Institute A300 standards for Tree Care Operations Trees, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Maintenance - Standard Practices (Pruning). Trees were tested up to speeds of 22.4m*s-1 over 1.6km by driving them in the bed of a truck. Drag, based on a centroid of the crown, and a bending moment was calculated. Drag and bending moment were also normalized by tree mass and crown area. Reduction pruning worked more effectively for Freeman maple and raise pruning for swamp white oak at reducing drag. Simple to measure tree characteristics were analyzed to determine the best predictors of drag and bending moment in the field. Tree mass frequently was the best predictor of drag and bending moment. Information should be used with caution due to the fact that the trees tested were small stature and a limited number of trees were tested.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Pavlis, Michael William"],"institution":"Virginia Tech","degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"masters","degree_discipline":"Forestry","degree_department":"Forestry","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":["Kane, Brian C.","Seiler, John R."],"committee_members":["Harris, James Roger"],"year":2007,"date_issued":"2007-07-06","date_published":"2007-07-06","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:04Z","subjects":["bending moment","pruning","shade trees","Drag"],"languages":[],"rights":["In Copyright"],"rights_urls":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["etd-07272007-114904"],"render_values":[{"text":"etd-07272007-114904","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43916","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.committeechair","label":"Committee Chair","values":["Kane, Brian C.","Seiler, John R."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.committeemember","label":"Committee Member","values":["Harris, James Roger"]},{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Forestry"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Pavlis, Michael William"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2014-03-14T21:41:12Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2014-03-14T21:41:12Z","2007-09-24"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2007-07-06"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Virginia Tech"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Forestry"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["bending moment","pruning","shade trees","Drag"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright"]},{"key":"dc:rights.uri","label":"Rights URI","values":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["etd-07272007-114904"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43916"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Three tree species, Freeman maple (Acer x. freemanii), swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor (Willd.)) and shingle oak (Quercus imbricaria (Michx.)) were tested before and after pruning to determine the effectiveness of pruning on reducing drag and bending moment. Pruning methods were thin, reduce and raise and meet the requirements set by the American National Standard Institute A300 standards for Tree Care Operations Trees, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Maintenance - Standard Practices (Pruning). Trees were tested up to speeds of 22.4m*s-1 over 1.6km by driving them in the bed of a truck. Drag, based on a centroid of the crown, and a bending moment was calculated. Drag and bending moment were also normalized by tree mass and crown area. Reduction pruning worked more effectively for Freeman maple and raise pruning for swamp white oak at reducing drag. Simple to measure tree characteristics were analyzed to determine the best predictors of drag and bending moment in the field. Tree mass frequently was the best predictor of drag and bending moment. Information should be used with caution due to the fact that the trees tested were small stature and a limited number of trees were tested."]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The Effects of Pruning on Wind Resistance of Shade Trees"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.committeechair":["Kane, Brian C.","Seiler, John R."],"dc:contributor.committeemember":["Harris, James Roger"],"dc:contributor.department":["Forestry"],"dc:creator":["Pavlis, Michael William"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2014-03-14T21:41:12Z"],"dc:date.available":["2014-03-14T21:41:12Z","2007-09-24"],"dc:date.issued":["2007-07-06"],"dc:description.abstract":["Three tree species, Freeman maple (Acer x. freemanii), swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor (Willd.)) and shingle oak (Quercus imbricaria (Michx.)) were tested before and after pruning to determine the effectiveness of pruning on reducing drag and bending moment. Pruning methods were thin, reduce and raise and meet the requirements set by the American National Standard Institute A300 standards for Tree Care Operations Trees, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Maintenance - Standard Practices (Pruning). Trees were tested up to speeds of 22.4m*s-1 over 1.6km by driving them in the bed of a truck. Drag, based on a centroid of the crown, and a bending moment was calculated. Drag and bending moment were also normalized by tree mass and crown area. Reduction pruning worked more effectively for Freeman maple and raise pruning for swamp white oak at reducing drag. Simple to measure tree characteristics were analyzed to determine the best predictors of drag and bending moment in the field. Tree mass frequently was the best predictor of drag and bending moment. Information should be used with caution due to the fact that the trees tested were small stature and a limited number of trees were tested."],"dc:description.degree":["Master of Science"],"dc:identifier.other":["etd-07272007-114904"],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43916"],"dc:publisher":["Virginia Tech"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright"],"dc:rights.uri":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dc:subject":["bending moment","pruning","shade trees","Drag"],"dc:title":["The Effects of Pruning on Wind Resistance of Shade Trees"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Forestry"],"thesis:degree_level":["masters"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"],"thesis:institution_name":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:04Z"}