{"id":{"repo_id":"vt","oai_identifier":"oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/43485"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/vt/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/43485","repository":{"repo_id":"vt","name":"Virginia Tech","base_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Floating head skin friction gage measurements in supersonic flows","abstract":"Two floating head skin friction gages have been designed and tested to directly measure the skin friction coefficient for the undefined flow in a SCRAM-jet engine. The skin friction gage designs contain a floating head that is supported by ball bearings which allow it to move in any horizontal direction and restrain it from any vertical motion. The shearing force caused by the supersonic flow deflects the floating head parallel to the flow direction. Strain gages mounted across a small gap between the bottom of the floating element and the bottom clamp provide the restoring force on the floating head. These strain gages also measure the floating head deflection caused by the flow shearing force. The steel model design was built and tested to determine the feasibility of the design concept. The results from the supersonic wind tunnel at Mach 2.4 were reasonable but the steel model was unable to correctly respond to the short-duration flow of the shock tunnel. A skin friction gage made of a machinable ceramic called Macor was then designed to increase the resonant natural frequency (3600 Hz) and the insulating properties of the gage. Consequently, the Macor model floating head design is capable of measuring the skin friction coefficient in short duration, high enthalpy supersonic flows as well as long duration supersonic flows. The Macor model design yielded skin friction coefficient values near the expected value of 0.0014 when placed in a supersonic tunnel at both Mach 2.4 and Mach 3.0 and in a Mach 3.0 shock tunnel.","abstract_html":"Two floating head skin friction gages have been designed and tested to directly measure the skin friction coefficient for the undefined flow in a SCRAM-jet engine. The skin friction gage designs contain a floating head that is supported by ball bearings which allow it to move in any horizontal direction and restrain it from any vertical motion. The shearing force caused by the supersonic flow deflects the floating head parallel to the flow direction. Strain gages mounted across a small gap between the bottom of the floating element and the bottom clamp provide the restoring force on the floating head. These strain gages also measure the floating head deflection caused by the flow shearing force. The steel model design was built and tested to determine the feasibility of the design concept. The results from the supersonic wind tunnel at Mach 2.4 were reasonable but the steel model was unable to correctly respond to the short-duration flow of the shock tunnel. A skin friction gage made of a machinable ceramic called Macor was then designed to increase the resonant natural frequency (3600 Hz) and the insulating properties of the gage. Consequently, the Macor model floating head design is capable of measuring the skin friction coefficient in short duration, high enthalpy supersonic flows as well as long duration supersonic flows. The Macor model design yielded skin friction coefficient values near the expected value of 0.0014 when placed in a supersonic tunnel at both Mach 2.4 and Mach 3.0 and in a Mach 3.0 shock tunnel.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Lattimer, Brian Y."],"institution":"Virginia Tech","degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"masters","degree_discipline":"Mechanical Engineering","degree_department":"Mechanical Engineering","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":1993,"date_issued":"1993-08-05","date_published":"1993-08-05","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:18:55Z","subjects":[],"languages":["en"],"rights":["In Copyright"],"rights_urls":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["etd-06302009-040312"],"render_values":[{"text":"etd-06302009-040312","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43485","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Mechanical Engineering"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Lattimer, Brian Y."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2014-03-14T21:39:16Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2014-03-14T21:39:16Z","2009-06-30"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["1993-08-05"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Virginia Tech"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"dc:type.dcmitype","label":"Dc Type Dcmitype","values":["Text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Mechanical Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language.iso","label":"Language (ISO)","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright"]},{"key":"dc:rights.uri","label":"Rights URI","values":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["etd-06302009-040312"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43485"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Two floating head skin friction gages have been designed and tested to directly measure the skin friction coefficient for the undefined flow in a SCRAM-jet engine. The skin friction gage designs contain a floating head that is supported by ball bearings which allow it to move in any horizontal direction and restrain it from any vertical motion. The shearing force caused by the supersonic flow deflects the floating head parallel to the flow direction. Strain gages mounted across a small gap between the bottom of the floating element and the bottom clamp provide the restoring force on the floating head. These strain gages also measure the floating head deflection caused by the flow shearing force. The steel model design was built and tested to determine the feasibility of the design concept. The results from the supersonic wind tunnel at Mach 2.4 were reasonable but the steel model was unable to correctly respond to the short-duration flow of the shock tunnel. A skin friction gage made of a machinable ceramic called Macor was then designed to increase the resonant natural frequency (3600 Hz) and the insulating properties of the gage. Consequently, the Macor model floating head design is capable of measuring the skin friction coefficient in short duration, high enthalpy supersonic flows as well as long duration supersonic flows. The Macor model design yielded skin friction coefficient values near the expected value of 0.0014 when placed in a supersonic tunnel at both Mach 2.4 and Mach 3.0 and in a Mach 3.0 shock tunnel."]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"dc:format.medium","label":"Dc Format Medium","values":["BTD"]},{"key":"dc:format.mimetype","label":"Dc Format Mimetype","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Floating head skin friction gage measurements in supersonic flows"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.department":["Mechanical Engineering"],"dc:creator":["Lattimer, Brian Y."],"dc:date.accessioned":["2014-03-14T21:39:16Z"],"dc:date.available":["2014-03-14T21:39:16Z","2009-06-30"],"dc:date.issued":["1993-08-05"],"dc:description.abstract":["Two floating head skin friction gages have been designed and tested to directly measure the skin friction coefficient for the undefined flow in a SCRAM-jet engine. The skin friction gage designs contain a floating head that is supported by ball bearings which allow it to move in any horizontal direction and restrain it from any vertical motion. The shearing force caused by the supersonic flow deflects the floating head parallel to the flow direction. Strain gages mounted across a small gap between the bottom of the floating element and the bottom clamp provide the restoring force on the floating head. These strain gages also measure the floating head deflection caused by the flow shearing force. The steel model design was built and tested to determine the feasibility of the design concept. The results from the supersonic wind tunnel at Mach 2.4 were reasonable but the steel model was unable to correctly respond to the short-duration flow of the shock tunnel. A skin friction gage made of a machinable ceramic called Macor was then designed to increase the resonant natural frequency (3600 Hz) and the insulating properties of the gage. Consequently, the Macor model floating head design is capable of measuring the skin friction coefficient in short duration, high enthalpy supersonic flows as well as long duration supersonic flows. The Macor model design yielded skin friction coefficient values near the expected value of 0.0014 when placed in a supersonic tunnel at both Mach 2.4 and Mach 3.0 and in a Mach 3.0 shock tunnel."],"dc:description.degree":["Master of Science"],"dc:format.medium":["BTD"],"dc:format.mimetype":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier.other":["etd-06302009-040312"],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43485"],"dc:language.iso":["en"],"dc:publisher":["Virginia Tech"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright"],"dc:rights.uri":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dc:title":["Floating head skin friction gage measurements in supersonic flows"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"dc:type.dcmitype":["Text"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Mechanical Engineering"],"thesis:degree_level":["masters"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"],"thesis:institution_name":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:18:55Z"}