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Secondary school interventions might be more effective, but because so little is known about what influences the achievement of at-risk students, it is difficult to justify the development of such programs. The research reported here used data from 8,100 students who participated in a national longitudinal study and who reported non-Asian minority race or ethnicity or low socioeconomic status {e.g., low SES white and Asia students}. Results indicate that ability, school quality, student motivation, and enrollment in academic coursework exert important effects on the overall and individual subject area achievement of at-risk students. 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