{"id":{"repo_id":"vt","oai_identifier":"oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/36422"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/vt/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/36422","repository":{"repo_id":"vt","name":"Virginia Tech","base_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"The Mechanisms, Products, and Kinetic of Carbamazepine-Free Chlorine Reactions","abstract":"Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an antiepileptic drug widely detected in drinking water supplies and wastewater effluent. It has been previously found that CBZ is recalcitrant to biological removal processes. Therefore, active CBZ will be exposed to wastewater effluent disinfection processes, which for most treatment plants in the United States involves the addition of free chlorine. However, the chlorination mechanisms of CBZ have not been fully investigated and are currently poorly understood. Our experimental studies were conducted to examine the chlorination of CBZ under controlled conditions. The kinetics, products, and reactivity of CBZ/free chlorine reactions were investigated over the pH range of 5.5-10. Results show that free chlorine reacts with CBZ and the reactivity is pH dependent. Furthermore, the results indicate that temperature affects the reactivity of CBZ with free chlorine. The temperature experiment results were fitted with the Arrhenius equation. The calculated Ea and A values are 48.8 kJ/mol and 1.41x104 s-1, respectively. Four common intermediates were detected based on both UV and mass spectral analysis proposed structures were developed based on m/z from mass spectra.","abstract_html":"Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an antiepileptic drug widely detected in drinking water supplies and wastewater effluent. It has been previously found that CBZ is recalcitrant to biological removal processes. Therefore, active CBZ will be exposed to wastewater effluent disinfection processes, which for most treatment plants in the United States involves the addition of free chlorine. However, the chlorination mechanisms of CBZ have not been fully investigated and are currently poorly understood. Our experimental studies were conducted to examine the chlorination of CBZ under controlled conditions. The kinetics, products, and reactivity of CBZ/free chlorine reactions were investigated over the pH range of 5.5-10. Results show that free chlorine reacts with CBZ and the reactivity is pH dependent. Furthermore, the results indicate that temperature affects the reactivity of CBZ with free chlorine. The temperature experiment results were fitted with the Arrhenius equation. The calculated Ea and A values are 48.8 kJ/mol and 1.41x104 s-1, respectively. Four common intermediates were detected based on both UV and mass spectral analysis proposed structures were developed based on m/z from mass spectra.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Kotcharaksa, Komgrit"],"institution":"Virginia Tech","degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"masters","degree_discipline":"Environmental Planning","degree_department":"Environmental Engineering","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":["Vikesland, Peter J.","Love, Nancy G."],"committee_members":["Bott, Charles B."],"year":2008,"date_issued":"2008-12-10","date_published":"2008-12-10","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:41Z","subjects":["Anticonvulsant Drug","Chlorination","Drinking Water","Free Chlorine","Wastewater","Carbamazepine"],"languages":[],"rights":["In Copyright"],"rights_urls":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["etd-12232008-141520"],"render_values":[{"text":"etd-12232008-141520","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36422","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.committeechair","label":"Committee Chair","values":["Vikesland, Peter J.","Love, Nancy G."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.committeemember","label":"Committee Member","values":["Bott, Charles B."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Environmental Engineering"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Kotcharaksa, Komgrit"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2014-03-14T20:50:43Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2014-03-14T20:50:43Z","2010-12-22"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2008-12-10"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Virginia Tech"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Environmental Planning"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Anticonvulsant Drug","Chlorination","Drinking Water","Free Chlorine","Wastewater","Carbamazepine"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright"]},{"key":"dc:rights.uri","label":"Rights URI","values":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["etd-12232008-141520"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36422"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an antiepileptic drug widely detected in drinking water supplies and wastewater effluent. It has been previously found that CBZ is recalcitrant to biological removal processes. Therefore, active CBZ will be exposed to wastewater effluent disinfection processes, which for most treatment plants in the United States involves the addition of free chlorine. However, the chlorination mechanisms of CBZ have not been fully investigated and are currently poorly understood. Our experimental studies were conducted to examine the chlorination of CBZ under controlled conditions. The kinetics, products, and reactivity of CBZ/free chlorine reactions were investigated over the pH range of 5.5-10. Results show that free chlorine reacts with CBZ and the reactivity is pH dependent. Furthermore, the results indicate that temperature affects the reactivity of CBZ with free chlorine. The temperature experiment results were fitted with the Arrhenius equation. The calculated Ea and A values are 48.8 kJ/mol and 1.41x104 s-1, respectively. Four common intermediates were detected based on both UV and mass spectral analysis proposed structures were developed based on m/z from mass spectra."]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The Mechanisms, Products, and Kinetic of Carbamazepine-Free Chlorine Reactions"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.committeechair":["Vikesland, Peter J.","Love, Nancy G."],"dc:contributor.committeemember":["Bott, Charles B."],"dc:contributor.department":["Environmental Engineering"],"dc:creator":["Kotcharaksa, Komgrit"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2014-03-14T20:50:43Z"],"dc:date.available":["2014-03-14T20:50:43Z","2010-12-22"],"dc:date.issued":["2008-12-10"],"dc:description.abstract":["Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an antiepileptic drug widely detected in drinking water supplies and wastewater effluent. It has been previously found that CBZ is recalcitrant to biological removal processes. Therefore, active CBZ will be exposed to wastewater effluent disinfection processes, which for most treatment plants in the United States involves the addition of free chlorine. However, the chlorination mechanisms of CBZ have not been fully investigated and are currently poorly understood. Our experimental studies were conducted to examine the chlorination of CBZ under controlled conditions. The kinetics, products, and reactivity of CBZ/free chlorine reactions were investigated over the pH range of 5.5-10. Results show that free chlorine reacts with CBZ and the reactivity is pH dependent. Furthermore, the results indicate that temperature affects the reactivity of CBZ with free chlorine. The temperature experiment results were fitted with the Arrhenius equation. The calculated Ea and A values are 48.8 kJ/mol and 1.41x104 s-1, respectively. Four common intermediates were detected based on both UV and mass spectral analysis proposed structures were developed based on m/z from mass spectra."],"dc:description.degree":["Master of Science"],"dc:identifier.other":["etd-12232008-141520"],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36422"],"dc:publisher":["Virginia Tech"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright"],"dc:rights.uri":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dc:subject":["Anticonvulsant Drug","Chlorination","Drinking Water","Free Chlorine","Wastewater","Carbamazepine"],"dc:title":["The Mechanisms, Products, and Kinetic of Carbamazepine-Free Chlorine Reactions"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Environmental Planning"],"thesis:degree_level":["masters"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"],"thesis:institution_name":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:41Z"}