{"id":{"repo_id":"vt","oai_identifier":"oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/31342"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/vt/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/31342","repository":{"repo_id":"vt","name":"Virginia Tech","base_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Infrared Spectroscopic Measurement of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Shallow Trap State Energies","abstract":"Within the \"forbidden\" range of electron energies between the valence and conduction bands of titanium dioxide, crystal lattice irregularities lead to the formation of electron trapping sites. These sites are known as shallow trap states, where \"shallow\" refers to the close energy proximity of those features to the bottom of the semiconductor conduction band. For wide bandgap semiconductors like titanium dioxide, shallow electron traps are the principle route for thermal excitation of electrons into the conduction band. The studies described here employ a novel infrared spectroscopic approach to determine the energy of shallow electron traps in titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Mobile electrons within the conduction band of semiconductors are known to absorb infrared radiation. As those electrons absorb the infrared photons, transitions within the continuum of the conduction band produce a broad spectral signal across the entire mid-infrared range. A Mathematical expression based upon Fermi–Dirac statistics was derived to correlate the temperature of the particles to the population of charge carriers, as measured through the infrared absorbance. The primary variable of interest in the Fermi – Dirac expression is the energy difference between the shallow trap states and the conduction band. Fitting data sets consisting of titanium dioxide nanoparticle temperatures and their associated infrared spectra, over a defined frequency range, to the Fermi–Dirac expression is used to determine the shallow electron trap state energy.","abstract_html":"Within the "forbidden" range of electron energies between the valence and conduction bands of titanium dioxide, crystal lattice irregularities lead to the formation of electron trapping sites. These sites are known as shallow trap states, where "shallow" refers to the close energy proximity of those features to the bottom of the semiconductor conduction band. For wide bandgap semiconductors like titanium dioxide, shallow electron traps are the principle route for thermal excitation of electrons into the conduction band. The studies described here employ a novel infrared spectroscopic approach to determine the energy of shallow electron traps in titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Mobile electrons within the conduction band of semiconductors are known to absorb infrared radiation. As those electrons absorb the infrared photons, transitions within the continuum of the conduction band produce a broad spectral signal across the entire mid-infrared range. A Mathematical expression based upon Fermi–Dirac statistics was derived to correlate the temperature of the particles to the population of charge carriers, as measured through the infrared absorbance. The primary variable of interest in the Fermi – Dirac expression is the energy difference between the shallow trap states and the conduction band. Fitting data sets consisting of titanium dioxide nanoparticle temperatures and their associated infrared spectra, over a defined frequency range, to the Fermi–Dirac expression is used to determine the shallow electron trap state energy.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Burrows, Steven Preston"],"institution":"Virginia Tech","degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"masters","degree_discipline":"Chemistry","degree_department":"Chemistry","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":["Morris, John R."],"committee_members":["Brewer, Karen J.","Long, Gary L."],"year":2010,"date_issued":"2010-02-10","date_published":"2010-02-10","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:18:55Z","subjects":["nanoparticles","semiconductor","surface state","shallow trap state","infrared spectroscopy","catalysis","conduction band electrons","titanium dioxide"],"languages":[],"rights":["In Copyright"],"rights_urls":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["etd-02242010-030144"],"render_values":[{"text":"etd-02242010-030144","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31342","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.committeechair","label":"Committee Chair","values":["Morris, John R."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.committeemember","label":"Committee Member","values":["Brewer, Karen J.","Long, Gary L."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Chemistry"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Burrows, Steven Preston"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2014-03-14T20:32:09Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2014-03-14T20:32:09Z","2010-03-19"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2010-02-10"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Virginia Tech"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Chemistry"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["nanoparticles","semiconductor","surface state","shallow trap state","infrared spectroscopy","catalysis","conduction band electrons","titanium dioxide"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright"]},{"key":"dc:rights.uri","label":"Rights URI","values":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["etd-02242010-030144"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31342"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Within the \"forbidden\" range of electron energies between the valence and conduction bands of titanium dioxide, crystal lattice irregularities lead to the formation of electron trapping sites. These sites are known as shallow trap states, where \"shallow\" refers to the close energy proximity of those features to the bottom of the semiconductor conduction band. For wide bandgap semiconductors like titanium dioxide, shallow electron traps are the principle route for thermal excitation of electrons into the conduction band. The studies described here employ a novel infrared spectroscopic approach to determine the energy of shallow electron traps in titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Mobile electrons within the conduction band of semiconductors are known to absorb infrared radiation. As those electrons absorb the infrared photons, transitions within the continuum of the conduction band produce a broad spectral signal across the entire mid-infrared range. A Mathematical expression based upon Fermi–Dirac statistics was derived to correlate the temperature of the particles to the population of charge carriers, as measured through the infrared absorbance. The primary variable of interest in the Fermi – Dirac expression is the energy difference between the shallow trap states and the conduction band. Fitting data sets consisting of titanium dioxide nanoparticle temperatures and their associated infrared spectra, over a defined frequency range, to the Fermi–Dirac expression is used to determine the shallow electron trap state energy."]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Infrared Spectroscopic Measurement of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Shallow Trap State Energies"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.committeechair":["Morris, John R."],"dc:contributor.committeemember":["Brewer, Karen J.","Long, Gary L."],"dc:contributor.department":["Chemistry"],"dc:creator":["Burrows, Steven Preston"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2014-03-14T20:32:09Z"],"dc:date.available":["2014-03-14T20:32:09Z","2010-03-19"],"dc:date.issued":["2010-02-10"],"dc:description.abstract":["Within the \"forbidden\" range of electron energies between the valence and conduction bands of titanium dioxide, crystal lattice irregularities lead to the formation of electron trapping sites. These sites are known as shallow trap states, where \"shallow\" refers to the close energy proximity of those features to the bottom of the semiconductor conduction band. For wide bandgap semiconductors like titanium dioxide, shallow electron traps are the principle route for thermal excitation of electrons into the conduction band. The studies described here employ a novel infrared spectroscopic approach to determine the energy of shallow electron traps in titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Mobile electrons within the conduction band of semiconductors are known to absorb infrared radiation. As those electrons absorb the infrared photons, transitions within the continuum of the conduction band produce a broad spectral signal across the entire mid-infrared range. A Mathematical expression based upon Fermi–Dirac statistics was derived to correlate the temperature of the particles to the population of charge carriers, as measured through the infrared absorbance. The primary variable of interest in the Fermi – Dirac expression is the energy difference between the shallow trap states and the conduction band. Fitting data sets consisting of titanium dioxide nanoparticle temperatures and their associated infrared spectra, over a defined frequency range, to the Fermi–Dirac expression is used to determine the shallow electron trap state energy."],"dc:description.degree":["Master of Science"],"dc:identifier.other":["etd-02242010-030144"],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31342"],"dc:publisher":["Virginia Tech"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright"],"dc:rights.uri":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dc:subject":["nanoparticles","semiconductor","surface state","shallow trap state","infrared spectroscopy","catalysis","conduction band electrons","titanium dioxide"],"dc:title":["Infrared Spectroscopic Measurement of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Shallow Trap State Energies"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Chemistry"],"thesis:degree_level":["masters"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"],"thesis:institution_name":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:18:55Z"}