{"id":{"repo_id":"vt","oai_identifier":"oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/31019"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/vt/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/31019","repository":{"repo_id":"vt","name":"Virginia Tech","base_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Aging and Copper Corrosion By-Product Release: Role of Common Anions, Impact of Silica and Chlorine, and Mitigating Release in New Pipe","abstract":"It is desirable to reduce leaching of copper from home plumbing because of environmental concerns and to comply with stringent regulation of copper in wastewater and drinking water. The solubility of the scale (oxidized copper rust layer) on the copper pipe wall, which directly contacts drinking water, is a key factor controlling the maximum soluble copper release. Gradual replacement of soluble Cu(OH)2 scale to less soluble scale is desirable and occurs through a process known as \"aging. The presence of sulfate, bicarbonate and orthophosphate in water can quickly convert Cu(OH)2 to less soluble solids. In some cases, this produces a desirable short-term reduction in copper solubility, but over longer time periods formation of these solids can be detrimental because they interfere with formation of very low solubility tenorite (CuO)or malachite phases. Likewise, silica present in water can sorb to Cu(OH)2 and hinder aging to low solubility tenorite, while the presence of chlorine can hasten aging by a chemical reaction with cupric species that has never been previously observed in the drinking water field. Mild chemical treatments that might be used to accelerate aging, and which could be applied to reduce environmental impacts of newly installed copper pipe, were successfully tested. Chemical pretreatments using lime, caustic, soda ash or chlorine reduced copper release by as much as 84% compared to new pipes without pretreatment.","abstract_html":"It is desirable to reduce leaching of copper from home plumbing because of environmental concerns and to comply with stringent regulation of copper in wastewater and drinking water. The solubility of the scale (oxidized copper rust layer) on the copper pipe wall, which directly contacts drinking water, is a key factor controlling the maximum soluble copper release. Gradual replacement of soluble Cu(OH)2 scale to less soluble scale is desirable and occurs through a process known as "aging. The presence of sulfate, bicarbonate and orthophosphate in water can quickly convert Cu(OH)2 to less soluble solids. In some cases, this produces a desirable short-term reduction in copper solubility, but over longer time periods formation of these solids can be detrimental because they interfere with formation of very low solubility tenorite (CuO)or malachite phases. Likewise, silica present in water can sorb to Cu(OH)2 and hinder aging to low solubility tenorite, while the presence of chlorine can hasten aging by a chemical reaction with cupric species that has never been previously observed in the drinking water field. Mild chemical treatments that might be used to accelerate aging, and which could be applied to reduce environmental impacts of newly installed copper pipe, were successfully tested. Chemical pretreatments using lime, caustic, soda ash or chlorine reduced copper release by as much as 84% compared to new pipes without pretreatment.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Powers, Kimberly Alice"],"institution":"Virginia Tech","degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"masters","degree_discipline":"Environmental Engineering","degree_department":"Civil Engineering","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":["Edwards, Marc A."],"committee_members":["Gallagher, Daniel L.","Dietrich, Andrea M."],"year":2000,"date_issued":"2000-12-15","date_published":"2000-12-15","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:35Z","subjects":["silica","cupric hydroxide","pre-treatment","Aging","solubility","sorption"],"languages":[],"rights":["In Copyright"],"rights_urls":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["etd-01222001-143422"],"render_values":[{"text":"etd-01222001-143422","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31019","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.committeechair","label":"Committee Chair","values":["Edwards, Marc A."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.committeemember","label":"Committee Member","values":["Gallagher, Daniel L.","Dietrich, Andrea M."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Civil Engineering"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Powers, Kimberly Alice"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2014-03-14T20:31:00Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2014-03-14T20:31:00Z","2002-01-24"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2000-12-15"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Virginia Tech"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Environmental Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["silica","cupric hydroxide","pre-treatment","Aging","solubility","sorption"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright"]},{"key":"dc:rights.uri","label":"Rights URI","values":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["etd-01222001-143422"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31019"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["It is desirable to reduce leaching of copper from home plumbing because of environmental concerns and to comply with stringent regulation of copper in wastewater and drinking water. The solubility of the scale (oxidized copper rust layer) on the copper pipe wall, which directly contacts drinking water, is a key factor controlling the maximum soluble copper release. Gradual replacement of soluble Cu(OH)2 scale to less soluble scale is desirable and occurs through a process known as \"aging. The presence of sulfate, bicarbonate and orthophosphate in water can quickly convert Cu(OH)2 to less soluble solids. In some cases, this produces a desirable short-term reduction in copper solubility, but over longer time periods formation of these solids can be detrimental because they interfere with formation of very low solubility tenorite (CuO)or malachite phases. Likewise, silica present in water can sorb to Cu(OH)2 and hinder aging to low solubility tenorite, while the presence of chlorine can hasten aging by a chemical reaction with cupric species that has never been previously observed in the drinking water field. Mild chemical treatments that might be used to accelerate aging, and which could be applied to reduce environmental impacts of newly installed copper pipe, were successfully tested. Chemical pretreatments using lime, caustic, soda ash or chlorine reduced copper release by as much as 84% compared to new pipes without pretreatment."]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Aging and Copper Corrosion By-Product Release: Role of Common Anions, Impact of Silica and Chlorine, and Mitigating Release in New Pipe"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.committeechair":["Edwards, Marc A."],"dc:contributor.committeemember":["Gallagher, Daniel L.","Dietrich, Andrea M."],"dc:contributor.department":["Civil Engineering"],"dc:creator":["Powers, Kimberly Alice"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2014-03-14T20:31:00Z"],"dc:date.available":["2014-03-14T20:31:00Z","2002-01-24"],"dc:date.issued":["2000-12-15"],"dc:description.abstract":["It is desirable to reduce leaching of copper from home plumbing because of environmental concerns and to comply with stringent regulation of copper in wastewater and drinking water. The solubility of the scale (oxidized copper rust layer) on the copper pipe wall, which directly contacts drinking water, is a key factor controlling the maximum soluble copper release. Gradual replacement of soluble Cu(OH)2 scale to less soluble scale is desirable and occurs through a process known as \"aging. The presence of sulfate, bicarbonate and orthophosphate in water can quickly convert Cu(OH)2 to less soluble solids. In some cases, this produces a desirable short-term reduction in copper solubility, but over longer time periods formation of these solids can be detrimental because they interfere with formation of very low solubility tenorite (CuO)or malachite phases. Likewise, silica present in water can sorb to Cu(OH)2 and hinder aging to low solubility tenorite, while the presence of chlorine can hasten aging by a chemical reaction with cupric species that has never been previously observed in the drinking water field. Mild chemical treatments that might be used to accelerate aging, and which could be applied to reduce environmental impacts of newly installed copper pipe, were successfully tested. Chemical pretreatments using lime, caustic, soda ash or chlorine reduced copper release by as much as 84% compared to new pipes without pretreatment."],"dc:description.degree":["Master of Science"],"dc:identifier.other":["etd-01222001-143422"],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31019"],"dc:publisher":["Virginia Tech"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright"],"dc:rights.uri":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dc:subject":["silica","cupric hydroxide","pre-treatment","Aging","solubility","sorption"],"dc:title":["Aging and Copper Corrosion By-Product Release: Role of Common Anions, Impact of Silica and Chlorine, and Mitigating Release in New Pipe"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Environmental Engineering"],"thesis:degree_level":["masters"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"],"thesis:institution_name":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:35Z"}