{"id":{"repo_id":"vt","oai_identifier":"oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/137829"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/vt/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/137829","repository":{"repo_id":"vt","name":"Virginia Tech","base_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Heat Flux Reconstruction in a Multimaterial Gauge with Multiple Embedded Temperature Sensors","abstract":"Creating heat flux maps is one of the major data reduction tasks of ground-test hypersonic facilities. The ability to embed multiple high-frequency sensing elements offers improved performance of over other types of heat flux gauges, such as Schmidt-Bolter gauges, when there is significant lateral heat flux, i.e., close to the leading edge of fin elements and wings. Hypersonic flow heat transfer tests with mismatched materials were conducted in a Mach 6 hypersonic facility to demonstrate the ability of embedded-sensor gauges to measure the vector heat flux. A novel algorithm to reconstruct the thermal field in the gauge and extract both the lateral and normal components of the heat flux vector is discussed. The main innovation of this work is a least squares approach to balance the impulse response for mismatched gauge materials. The reconstruction approach is verified using virtual tests carried out with finite element simulations on gauges with different distributions of epoxy and metal. Validation is carried out on hypersonic wind tunnel tests with both matched and mismatched gauge-article materials. The main findings of this research are that the intergauge heat flux that arises due to mismatched materials is important and accounts for more than 10% of the normal heat flux.","abstract_html":"Creating heat flux maps is one of the major data reduction tasks of ground-test hypersonic facilities. The ability to embed multiple high-frequency sensing elements offers improved performance of over other types of heat flux gauges, such as Schmidt-Bolter gauges, when there is significant lateral heat flux, i.e., close to the leading edge of fin elements and wings. Hypersonic flow heat transfer tests with mismatched materials were conducted in a Mach 6 hypersonic facility to demonstrate the ability of embedded-sensor gauges to measure the vector heat flux. A novel algorithm to reconstruct the thermal field in the gauge and extract both the lateral and normal components of the heat flux vector is discussed. The main innovation of this work is a least squares approach to balance the impulse response for mismatched gauge materials. The reconstruction approach is verified using virtual tests carried out with finite element simulations on gauges with different distributions of epoxy and metal. Validation is carried out on hypersonic wind tunnel tests with both matched and mismatched gauge-article materials. The main findings of this research are that the intergauge heat flux that arises due to mismatched materials is important and accounts for more than 10% of the normal heat flux.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Weinell, John Curtis"],"institution":"Virginia Tech","degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"masters","degree_discipline":"Aerospace Engineering","degree_department":"Aerospace and Ocean Engineering","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":["Massa, Luca"],"committee_members":["Young, Gregory","Jaworski, Justin"],"year":2025,"date_issued":"2025-09-24","date_published":"2025-09-24","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:20:32Z","subjects":["Heat flux","Thermal Instrumentation","Green's functions"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["In Copyright"],"rights_urls":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["vt_gsexam:44632"],"render_values":[{"text":"vt_gsexam:44632","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10919/137829","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.committeechair","label":"Committee Chair","values":["Massa, Luca"]},{"key":"dc:contributor.committeemember","label":"Committee Member","values":["Young, Gregory","Jaworski, Justin"]},{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Aerospace and Ocean Engineering"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Weinell, John Curtis"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2025-09-25T08:00:14Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2025-09-25T08:00:14Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2025-09-24"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Virginia Tech"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Aerospace Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Heat flux","Thermal Instrumentation","Green's functions"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language.iso","label":"Language (ISO)","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright"]},{"key":"dc:rights.uri","label":"Rights URI","values":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["vt_gsexam:44632"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["https://hdl.handle.net/10919/137829"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Creating heat flux maps is one of the major data reduction tasks of ground-test hypersonic facilities. The ability to embed multiple high-frequency sensing elements offers improved performance of over other types of heat flux gauges, such as Schmidt-Bolter gauges, when there is significant lateral heat flux, i.e., close to the leading edge of fin elements and wings. Hypersonic flow heat transfer tests with mismatched materials were conducted in a Mach 6 hypersonic facility to demonstrate the ability of embedded-sensor gauges to measure the vector heat flux. A novel algorithm to reconstruct the thermal field in the gauge and extract both the lateral and normal components of the heat flux vector is discussed. The main innovation of this work is a least squares approach to balance the impulse response for mismatched gauge materials. The reconstruction approach is verified using virtual tests carried out with finite element simulations on gauges with different distributions of epoxy and metal. Validation is carried out on hypersonic wind tunnel tests with both matched and mismatched gauge-article materials. The main findings of this research are that the intergauge heat flux that arises due to mismatched materials is important and accounts for more than 10% of the normal heat flux."]},{"key":"dc:description.abstractgeneral","label":"General Abstract","values":["Creating detailed surface maps of heat flux is key to understanding how objects behave in extreme hypersonic environments, such as those experienced by spacecraft or high-speed aircraft. This work develops an algorithm that uses multiple temperature sensors to reconstruct the heat flux on an exposed surface while also accounting for intergauge heat flux and heat flux with the surrounding material. The main innovation of this work is a new approach to match the heat flux at the interface between different materials within the gauge. These methods are validated using both computer simulations and real-world wind tunnel experiments, with both matching and mismatched materials. Findings show that accounting for heat flow with the surrounding material can have a significant effect on the reconstructed surface flux—sometimes more than 10%."]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"dc:format.medium","label":"Dc Format Medium","values":["ETD"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Heat Flux Reconstruction in a Multimaterial Gauge with Multiple Embedded Temperature Sensors"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.committeechair":["Massa, Luca"],"dc:contributor.committeemember":["Young, Gregory","Jaworski, Justin"],"dc:contributor.department":["Aerospace and Ocean Engineering"],"dc:creator":["Weinell, John Curtis"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2025-09-25T08:00:14Z"],"dc:date.available":["2025-09-25T08:00:14Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2025-09-24"],"dc:description.abstract":["Creating heat flux maps is one of the major data reduction tasks of ground-test hypersonic facilities. 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Validation is carried out on hypersonic wind tunnel tests with both matched and mismatched gauge-article materials. The main findings of this research are that the intergauge heat flux that arises due to mismatched materials is important and accounts for more than 10% of the normal heat flux."],"dc:description.abstractgeneral":["Creating detailed surface maps of heat flux is key to understanding how objects behave in extreme hypersonic environments, such as those experienced by spacecraft or high-speed aircraft. This work develops an algorithm that uses multiple temperature sensors to reconstruct the heat flux on an exposed surface while also accounting for intergauge heat flux and heat flux with the surrounding material. The main innovation of this work is a new approach to match the heat flux at the interface between different materials within the gauge. These methods are validated using both computer simulations and real-world wind tunnel experiments, with both matching and mismatched materials. Findings show that accounting for heat flow with the surrounding material can have a significant effect on the reconstructed surface flux—sometimes more than 10%."],"dc:description.degree":["Master of Science"],"dc:format.medium":["ETD"],"dc:identifier.other":["vt_gsexam:44632"],"dc:identifier.uri":["https://hdl.handle.net/10919/137829"],"dc:language.iso":["en"],"dc:publisher":["Virginia Tech"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright"],"dc:rights.uri":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dc:subject":["Heat flux","Thermal Instrumentation","Green's functions"],"dc:title":["Heat Flux Reconstruction in a Multimaterial Gauge with Multiple Embedded Temperature Sensors"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Aerospace Engineering"],"thesis:degree_level":["masters"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"],"thesis:institution_name":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:20:32Z"}