{"id":{"repo_id":"vt","oai_identifier":"oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/124083"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/vt/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/124083","repository":{"repo_id":"vt","name":"Virginia Tech","base_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Surface Modification Of Exhausted Activated Carbon For The Enhanced Removal Of Per- And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances","abstract":"Granular activated carbon (GAC) is a treatment technology commonly used in drinking water treatment. Recently, a maximum contaminant limit (MCL) has been proposed for a group of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a class of chemicals that have been used in many consumer products and industrial applications. GAC is capable of the treatment of PFAS below the MCL, but in many water sources competing contaminants are present that are also removed by GAC, reducing the capacity for PFAS removal. This requires more frequent replacement of the carbon media and greatly increases the cost of the treatment. Surface modification can be performed to increase the removal capacity and specificity of the GAC, allowing more of its removal capacity to be used for PFAS. Surface modification is performed by coating the GAC in a chemical that is then immobilized on the carbon through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. As GAC and many micropollutants treated by GAC, including the regulated PFAS, are negative, performing surface modification using a positive chemical increases the removal capacity of the carbon. Bench-scale tests using fully exhausted carbon showed PFAS removal following up-flow and influent addition surface modification.","abstract_html":"Granular activated carbon (GAC) is a treatment technology commonly used in drinking water treatment. Recently, a maximum contaminant limit (MCL) has been proposed for a group of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a class of chemicals that have been used in many consumer products and industrial applications. GAC is capable of the treatment of PFAS below the MCL, but in many water sources competing contaminants are present that are also removed by GAC, reducing the capacity for PFAS removal. This requires more frequent replacement of the carbon media and greatly increases the cost of the treatment. Surface modification can be performed to increase the removal capacity and specificity of the GAC, allowing more of its removal capacity to be used for PFAS. Surface modification is performed by coating the GAC in a chemical that is then immobilized on the carbon through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. As GAC and many micropollutants treated by GAC, including the regulated PFAS, are negative, performing surface modification using a positive chemical increases the removal capacity of the carbon. Bench-scale tests using fully exhausted carbon showed PFAS removal following up-flow and influent addition surface modification.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Waller, Christopher Alan Jr."],"institution":"Virginia Tech","degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"masters","degree_discipline":"Environmental Engineering","degree_department":"Environmental Science and Engineering","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":["Widdowson, Mark A.","Bott, Charles B."],"committee_members":["Edwards, Marc A."],"year":2025,"date_issued":"2025-01-09","date_published":"2025-01-09","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:49Z","subjects":["Granular Activated Carbon","PFAS","Surface Modification","Quaternary Amine"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["In Copyright"],"rights_urls":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["vt_gsexam:41854"],"render_values":[{"text":"vt_gsexam:41854","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10919/124083","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.committeechair","label":"Committee Chair","values":["Widdowson, Mark A.","Bott, Charles B."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.committeemember","label":"Committee Member","values":["Edwards, Marc A."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Environmental Science and Engineering"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Waller, Christopher Alan Jr."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2025-01-10T09:00:58Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2025-01-10T09:00:58Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2025-01-09"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Virginia Tech"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Environmental Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Granular Activated Carbon","PFAS","Surface Modification","Quaternary Amine"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language.iso","label":"Language (ISO)","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright"]},{"key":"dc:rights.uri","label":"Rights URI","values":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["vt_gsexam:41854"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["https://hdl.handle.net/10919/124083"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstractgeneral","label":"General Abstract","values":["Granular activated carbon (GAC) is a treatment technology commonly used in drinking water treatment. Recently, a maximum contaminant limit (MCL) has been proposed for a group of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a class of chemicals that have been used in many consumer products and industrial applications. GAC is capable of the treatment of PFAS below the MCL, but in many water sources competing contaminants are present that are also removed by GAC, reducing the capacity for PFAS removal. This requires more frequent replacement of the carbon media and greatly increases the cost of the treatment. Surface modification can be performed to increase the removal capacity and specificity of the GAC, allowing more of its removal capacity to be used for PFAS. Surface modification is performed by coating the GAC in a chemical that is then immobilized on the carbon through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. As GAC and many micropollutants treated by GAC, including the regulated PFAS, are negative, performing surface modification using a positive chemical increases the removal capacity of the carbon. Bench-scale tests using fully exhausted carbon showed PFAS removal following up-flow and influent addition surface modification."]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"dc:format.medium","label":"Dc Format Medium","values":["ETD"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Surface Modification Of Exhausted Activated Carbon For The Enhanced Removal Of Per- And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.committeechair":["Widdowson, Mark A.","Bott, Charles B."],"dc:contributor.committeemember":["Edwards, Marc A."],"dc:contributor.department":["Environmental Science and Engineering"],"dc:creator":["Waller, Christopher Alan Jr."],"dc:date.accessioned":["2025-01-10T09:00:58Z"],"dc:date.available":["2025-01-10T09:00:58Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2025-01-09"],"dc:description.abstractgeneral":["Granular activated carbon (GAC) is a treatment technology commonly used in drinking water treatment. Recently, a maximum contaminant limit (MCL) has been proposed for a group of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a class of chemicals that have been used in many consumer products and industrial applications. GAC is capable of the treatment of PFAS below the MCL, but in many water sources competing contaminants are present that are also removed by GAC, reducing the capacity for PFAS removal. This requires more frequent replacement of the carbon media and greatly increases the cost of the treatment. Surface modification can be performed to increase the removal capacity and specificity of the GAC, allowing more of its removal capacity to be used for PFAS. Surface modification is performed by coating the GAC in a chemical that is then immobilized on the carbon through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. As GAC and many micropollutants treated by GAC, including the regulated PFAS, are negative, performing surface modification using a positive chemical increases the removal capacity of the carbon. Bench-scale tests using fully exhausted carbon showed PFAS removal following up-flow and influent addition surface modification."],"dc:description.degree":["Master of Science"],"dc:format.medium":["ETD"],"dc:identifier.other":["vt_gsexam:41854"],"dc:identifier.uri":["https://hdl.handle.net/10919/124083"],"dc:language.iso":["en"],"dc:publisher":["Virginia Tech"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright"],"dc:rights.uri":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dc:subject":["Granular Activated Carbon","PFAS","Surface Modification","Quaternary Amine"],"dc:title":["Surface Modification Of Exhausted Activated Carbon For The Enhanced Removal Of Per- And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Environmental Engineering"],"thesis:degree_level":["masters"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"],"thesis:institution_name":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:49Z"}