{"id":{"repo_id":"vt","oai_identifier":"oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/116059"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/vt/oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/116059","repository":{"repo_id":"vt","name":"Virginia Tech","base_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"The effects of hyaluronic acid and exercise on equine skeletal muscle","abstract":"Unaccustomed, strenuous exercise can cause skeletal muscle damage that subsequently induces an acute inflammatory response in the tissue which is marked by an infiltration of leukocytes into the damaged muscle. To try and suppress the initial pro-inflammatory response in skeletal muscle of horses performing a single exercise stress test, a commercial sodium hyaluronate (HA) treatment was administered and tested for anti-inflammatory properties. Unfit, adult Thoroughbreds were intravenously injected three times with HA or received no injection at all (CON) over a 3-week period before performing a single submaximal exercise test. Gluteal muscle biopsies were collected before and 1 h after the completion of exercise for RNA-Seq and staining. The results indicated that HA treatment in horses down regulated genes associated with lymphocyte activation and cytokine production (Il17RA, OSCAR, LYL1, TLR1, TLR2, TLR8, TLR10) but did not irreversibly down regulate these genes with the addition of exercise. Exercise as a stressor did cause an acute inflammatory response in muscle which was seen through global expression of macrophage and neutrophil surface markers (NCF2, ELANE, CD168I). These results determine that HA treatment does act as an anti-inflammatory in equine skeletal muscle but does not possess prolonged effects with the initiation of inflammation.","abstract_html":"Unaccustomed, strenuous exercise can cause skeletal muscle damage that subsequently induces an acute inflammatory response in the tissue which is marked by an infiltration of leukocytes into the damaged muscle. To try and suppress the initial pro-inflammatory response in skeletal muscle of horses performing a single exercise stress test, a commercial sodium hyaluronate (HA) treatment was administered and tested for anti-inflammatory properties. Unfit, adult Thoroughbreds were intravenously injected three times with HA or received no injection at all (CON) over a 3-week period before performing a single submaximal exercise test. Gluteal muscle biopsies were collected before and 1 h after the completion of exercise for RNA-Seq and staining. The results indicated that HA treatment in horses down regulated genes associated with lymphocyte activation and cytokine production (Il17RA, OSCAR, LYL1, TLR1, TLR2, TLR8, TLR10) but did not irreversibly down regulate these genes with the addition of exercise. Exercise as a stressor did cause an acute inflammatory response in muscle which was seen through global expression of macrophage and neutrophil surface markers (NCF2, ELANE, CD168I). These results determine that HA treatment does act as an anti-inflammatory in equine skeletal muscle but does not possess prolonged effects with the initiation of inflammation.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Gregg, Savannah Renee"],"institution":"Virginia Tech","degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"masters","degree_discipline":"Animal and Poultry Sciences","degree_department":"Animal and Poultry Sciences","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":["Johnson, Sally E."],"committee_members":["Gilbert, Elizabeth Ruth","Gerrard, David E."],"year":2023,"date_issued":"2023-08-18","date_published":"2023-08-18","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:24Z","subjects":["equine","skeletal muscle","exercise","hyaluronic acid"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["In Copyright"],"rights_urls":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["vt_gsexam:38210"],"render_values":[{"text":"vt_gsexam:38210","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/116059","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.committeechair","label":"Committee Chair","values":["Johnson, Sally E."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.committeemember","label":"Committee Member","values":["Gilbert, Elizabeth Ruth","Gerrard, David E."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Animal and Poultry Sciences"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Gregg, Savannah Renee"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2023-08-19T08:00:17Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2023-08-19T08:00:17Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2023-08-18"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Virginia Tech"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Animal and Poultry Sciences"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["equine","skeletal muscle","exercise","hyaluronic acid"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language.iso","label":"Language (ISO)","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright"]},{"key":"dc:rights.uri","label":"Rights URI","values":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["vt_gsexam:38210"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/116059"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Unaccustomed, strenuous exercise can cause skeletal muscle damage that subsequently induces an acute inflammatory response in the tissue which is marked by an infiltration of leukocytes into the damaged muscle. To try and suppress the initial pro-inflammatory response in skeletal muscle of horses performing a single exercise stress test, a commercial sodium hyaluronate (HA) treatment was administered and tested for anti-inflammatory properties. Unfit, adult Thoroughbreds were intravenously injected three times with HA or received no injection at all (CON) over a 3-week period before performing a single submaximal exercise test. Gluteal muscle biopsies were collected before and 1 h after the completion of exercise for RNA-Seq and staining. The results indicated that HA treatment in horses down regulated genes associated with lymphocyte activation and cytokine production (Il17RA, OSCAR, LYL1, TLR1, TLR2, TLR8, TLR10) but did not irreversibly down regulate these genes with the addition of exercise. Exercise as a stressor did cause an acute inflammatory response in muscle which was seen through global expression of macrophage and neutrophil surface markers (NCF2, ELANE, CD168I). These results determine that HA treatment does act as an anti-inflammatory in equine skeletal muscle but does not possess prolonged effects with the initiation of inflammation."]},{"key":"dc:description.abstractgeneral","label":"General Abstract","values":["Horses subjected to an unaccustomed increase in exercise intensity can experience damage and subsequent acute inflammation within the skeletal muscle tissue that may hinder the performance of the horse by causing muscle swelling and soreness. Hyaluronic acid treatment may suppress this exercise-induced inflammatory response by acting as an anti-inflammatory in the muscle. Adult Thoroughbred horses were injected intravenously with a commercial sodium hyaluronate treatment in the weeks prior to performing an exercise stress test. Muscle biopsy samples were obtained before and after the exercise stress test was performed. The results indicate that horses receiving the hyaluronic acid treatment had decreased expression of inflammatory genes within skeletal muscle, but no genes remained suppressed after the induction of inflammation through exercise. These results demonstrate that hyaluronic acid treatment does act as an anti-inflammatory in skeletal muscle tissue but does not have long-term suppressive effects when inflammation does occur."]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"dc:format.medium","label":"Dc Format Medium","values":["ETD"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The effects of hyaluronic acid and exercise on equine skeletal muscle"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.committeechair":["Johnson, Sally E."],"dc:contributor.committeemember":["Gilbert, Elizabeth Ruth","Gerrard, David E."],"dc:contributor.department":["Animal and Poultry Sciences"],"dc:creator":["Gregg, Savannah Renee"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2023-08-19T08:00:17Z"],"dc:date.available":["2023-08-19T08:00:17Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2023-08-18"],"dc:description.abstract":["Unaccustomed, strenuous exercise can cause skeletal muscle damage that subsequently induces an acute inflammatory response in the tissue which is marked by an infiltration of leukocytes into the damaged muscle. To try and suppress the initial pro-inflammatory response in skeletal muscle of horses performing a single exercise stress test, a commercial sodium hyaluronate (HA) treatment was administered and tested for anti-inflammatory properties. Unfit, adult Thoroughbreds were intravenously injected three times with HA or received no injection at all (CON) over a 3-week period before performing a single submaximal exercise test. Gluteal muscle biopsies were collected before and 1 h after the completion of exercise for RNA-Seq and staining. The results indicated that HA treatment in horses down regulated genes associated with lymphocyte activation and cytokine production (Il17RA, OSCAR, LYL1, TLR1, TLR2, TLR8, TLR10) but did not irreversibly down regulate these genes with the addition of exercise. Exercise as a stressor did cause an acute inflammatory response in muscle which was seen through global expression of macrophage and neutrophil surface markers (NCF2, ELANE, CD168I). These results determine that HA treatment does act as an anti-inflammatory in equine skeletal muscle but does not possess prolonged effects with the initiation of inflammation."],"dc:description.abstractgeneral":["Horses subjected to an unaccustomed increase in exercise intensity can experience damage and subsequent acute inflammation within the skeletal muscle tissue that may hinder the performance of the horse by causing muscle swelling and soreness. Hyaluronic acid treatment may suppress this exercise-induced inflammatory response by acting as an anti-inflammatory in the muscle. Adult Thoroughbred horses were injected intravenously with a commercial sodium hyaluronate treatment in the weeks prior to performing an exercise stress test. Muscle biopsy samples were obtained before and after the exercise stress test was performed. The results indicate that horses receiving the hyaluronic acid treatment had decreased expression of inflammatory genes within skeletal muscle, but no genes remained suppressed after the induction of inflammation through exercise. These results demonstrate that hyaluronic acid treatment does act as an anti-inflammatory in skeletal muscle tissue but does not have long-term suppressive effects when inflammation does occur."],"dc:description.degree":["Master of Science"],"dc:format.medium":["ETD"],"dc:identifier.other":["vt_gsexam:38210"],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/10919/116059"],"dc:language.iso":["en"],"dc:publisher":["Virginia Tech"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright"],"dc:rights.uri":["http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/"],"dc:subject":["equine","skeletal muscle","exercise","hyaluronic acid"],"dc:title":["The effects of hyaluronic acid and exercise on equine skeletal muscle"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Animal and Poultry Sciences"],"thesis:degree_level":["masters"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"],"thesis:institution_name":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:19:24Z"}