{"id":{"repo_id":"vilnius","oai_identifier":"oai:vu.lt:elaba:210640882"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/vilnius/oai:vu.lt:elaba:210640882","repository":{"repo_id":"vilnius","name":"Vilnius University","base_url":"https://epublications.vu.lt/oai"},"display":{"title":"The labor market consequences of motherhood in lithuania: evidence from social security data /","abstract":"This thesis investigates the motherhood penalty in Lithuania. The main goal is to quantify the short- and long-term consequences of motherhood from the beginning of pregnancy by looking at total income received by mothers relative to fathers and non-mothers. In addition, I focus on trying to better understand the underlying sources of the motherhood impact on total income by looking at job retention, receipt of labor income, sickness and unemployment incidence, and wage adjustments. To implement my analysis, I exploit detailed Social Security data in quarterly frequency covering the period between 2000 and 2020. Using this dataset, I follow the seminal work of Kleven et al. (2019b) and implement a generalized event study method. The approach involves estimating how a specific labor market outcome of mothers evolves around childbirth. To quantify the consequences of motherhood, I then compare the estimates for mothers with those of fathers as well as non-mothers. My results indicate that in the short-run Lithuanian mothers lose roughly 50% of their total income relative to fathers and non-mothers. The estimated penalty shrinks over time but it remains at 19% in the long-run, or 10 years after childbirth. Moreover, I show that the costs of motherhood emerge through different channels. For instance, mothers are more likely to terminate their employment contract after childbirth and remain without a job time after. Importantly, even when they are employed for most of the quarter, they are still more likely, relative to fathers and non-mothers, to miss some days of work either because they are more likely to collect sickness benefits or to spend some time unemployed. Finally, my results indicate that even mothers who do not spend any official day out of work still experience a decline in daily wage rates after childbirth relative to fathers and non-mothers. My analysis reveals that while the magnitude of the long-term child penalty in Lithuania is not among the highest documented in the literature, it is substantial and persistent over time. The unequal impact of parenthood on labor market outcomes for mothers relative to fathers and women who decided not to have children calls for policy action. For instance, policies that promote family-friendly workplaces, as well as improved paternity leave conditions that encourage fathers to be more involved in childcare, have the potential to reduce the negative consequences of motherhood.","abstract_html":"This thesis investigates the motherhood penalty in Lithuania. The main goal is to quantify the short- and long-term consequences of motherhood from the beginning of pregnancy by looking at total income received by mothers relative to fathers and non-mothers. In addition, I focus on trying to better understand the underlying sources of the motherhood impact on total income by looking at job retention, receipt of labor income, sickness and unemployment incidence, and wage adjustments. To implement my analysis, I exploit detailed Social Security data in quarterly frequency covering the period between 2000 and 2020. Using this dataset, I follow the seminal work of Kleven et al. (2019b) and implement a generalized event study method. The approach involves estimating how a specific labor market outcome of mothers evolves around childbirth. To quantify the consequences of motherhood, I then compare the estimates for mothers with those of fathers as well as non-mothers. My results indicate that in the short-run Lithuanian mothers lose roughly 50% of their total income relative to fathers and non-mothers. The estimated penalty shrinks over time but it remains at 19% in the long-run, or 10 years after childbirth. Moreover, I show that the costs of motherhood emerge through different channels. For instance, mothers are more likely to terminate their employment contract after childbirth and remain without a job time after. Importantly, even when they are employed for most of the quarter, they are still more likely, relative to fathers and non-mothers, to miss some days of work either because they are more likely to collect sickness benefits or to spend some time unemployed. Finally, my results indicate that even mothers who do not spend any official day out of work still experience a decline in daily wage rates after childbirth relative to fathers and non-mothers. My analysis reveals that while the magnitude of the long-term child penalty in Lithuania is not among the highest documented in the literature, it is substantial and persistent over time. The unequal impact of parenthood on labor market outcomes for mothers relative to fathers and women who decided not to have children calls for policy action. For instance, policies that promote family-friendly workplaces, as well as improved paternity leave conditions that encourage fathers to be more involved in childcare, have the potential to reduce the negative consequences of motherhood.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Volungevičiūtė, Sofija,"],"institution":"Institutional Repository of Vilnius University","degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2024,"date_issued":"2024","date_published":"2024","updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:55:52Z","subjects":["Child penalty, Motherhood, gender, labor market participation, wage differentials"],"languages":["eng"],"rights":["info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://repository.vu.lt/VU:ELABAETD210640882&prefLang=en_US","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Volungevičiūtė, Sofija,"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2024"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Institutional Repository of Vilnius University"]},{"key":"dc:relation","label":"Dc Relation","values":["https://epublications.vu.lt/object/elaba:210640882/210640882.pdf"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Child penalty, Motherhood, gender, labor market participation, wage differentials"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://repository.vu.lt/VU:ELABAETD210640882&prefLang=en_US"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["This thesis investigates the motherhood penalty in Lithuania. The main goal is to quantify the short- and long-term consequences of motherhood from the beginning of pregnancy by looking at total income received by mothers relative to fathers and non-mothers. In addition, I focus on trying to better understand the underlying sources of the motherhood impact on total income by looking at job retention, receipt of labor income, sickness and unemployment incidence, and wage adjustments. To implement my analysis, I exploit detailed Social Security data in quarterly frequency covering the period between 2000 and 2020. Using this dataset, I follow the seminal work of Kleven et al. (2019b) and implement a generalized event study method. The approach involves estimating how a specific labor market outcome of mothers evolves around childbirth. To quantify the consequences of motherhood, I then compare the estimates for mothers with those of fathers as well as non-mothers. My results indicate that in the short-run Lithuanian mothers lose roughly 50% of their total income relative to fathers and non-mothers. The estimated penalty shrinks over time but it remains at 19% in the long-run, or 10 years after childbirth. Moreover, I show that the costs of motherhood emerge through different channels. For instance, mothers are more likely to terminate their employment contract after childbirth and remain without a job time after. Importantly, even when they are employed for most of the quarter, they are still more likely, relative to fathers and non-mothers, to miss some days of work either because they are more likely to collect sickness benefits or to spend some time unemployed. Finally, my results indicate that even mothers who do not spend any official day out of work still experience a decline in daily wage rates after childbirth relative to fathers and non-mothers. My analysis reveals that while the magnitude of the long-term child penalty in Lithuania is not among the highest documented in the literature, it is substantial and persistent over time. The unequal impact of parenthood on labor market outcomes for mothers relative to fathers and women who decided not to have children calls for policy action. For instance, policies that promote family-friendly workplaces, as well as improved paternity leave conditions that encourage fathers to be more involved in childcare, have the potential to reduce the negative consequences of motherhood."]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The labor market consequences of motherhood in lithuania: evidence from social security data /","Motinystės pasekmės Lietuvos darbo rinkoje: socialinio draudimo duomenų rodikliai."]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:creator":["Volungevičiūtė, Sofija,"],"dc:date":["2024"],"dc:description":["This thesis investigates the motherhood penalty in Lithuania. The main goal is to quantify the short- and long-term consequences of motherhood from the beginning of pregnancy by looking at total income received by mothers relative to fathers and non-mothers. In addition, I focus on trying to better understand the underlying sources of the motherhood impact on total income by looking at job retention, receipt of labor income, sickness and unemployment incidence, and wage adjustments. To implement my analysis, I exploit detailed Social Security data in quarterly frequency covering the period between 2000 and 2020. Using this dataset, I follow the seminal work of Kleven et al. (2019b) and implement a generalized event study method. The approach involves estimating how a specific labor market outcome of mothers evolves around childbirth. To quantify the consequences of motherhood, I then compare the estimates for mothers with those of fathers as well as non-mothers. My results indicate that in the short-run Lithuanian mothers lose roughly 50% of their total income relative to fathers and non-mothers. The estimated penalty shrinks over time but it remains at 19% in the long-run, or 10 years after childbirth. Moreover, I show that the costs of motherhood emerge through different channels. For instance, mothers are more likely to terminate their employment contract after childbirth and remain without a job time after. Importantly, even when they are employed for most of the quarter, they are still more likely, relative to fathers and non-mothers, to miss some days of work either because they are more likely to collect sickness benefits or to spend some time unemployed. Finally, my results indicate that even mothers who do not spend any official day out of work still experience a decline in daily wage rates after childbirth relative to fathers and non-mothers. My analysis reveals that while the magnitude of the long-term child penalty in Lithuania is not among the highest documented in the literature, it is substantial and persistent over time. The unequal impact of parenthood on labor market outcomes for mothers relative to fathers and women who decided not to have children calls for policy action. For instance, policies that promote family-friendly workplaces, as well as improved paternity leave conditions that encourage fathers to be more involved in childcare, have the potential to reduce the negative consequences of motherhood."],"dc:format":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier":["https://repository.vu.lt/VU:ELABAETD210640882&prefLang=en_US"],"dc:language":["eng"],"dc:publisher":["Institutional Repository of Vilnius University"],"dc:relation":["https://epublications.vu.lt/object/elaba:210640882/210640882.pdf"],"dc:rights":["info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess"],"dc:subject":["Child penalty, Motherhood, gender, labor market participation, wage differentials"],"dc:title":["The labor market consequences of motherhood in lithuania: evidence from social security data /","Motinystės pasekmės Lietuvos darbo rinkoje: socialinio draudimo duomenų rodikliai."],"dc:type":["info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:55:52Z"}