{"id":{"repo_id":"venda","oai_identifier":"oai:univendspace.univen.ac.za:11602/2482"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/venda/oai:univendspace.univen.ac.za:11602/2482","repository":{"repo_id":"venda","name":"University of Venda","base_url":"https://univendspace.univen.ac.za/server/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Efficient utilization of Macadamia oil cake based diets in ruminants","abstract":"Ruminants and rumen bacteria form a symbiotic relationship. However, because of nitrogen (N) inefficiency, this interdependent relationship loses energy and protein. Strategic feeding of ruminants with diets containing non-conventional feedstuffs appears to be a promising way to enhance proficiency of protein and energy utilization in ruminants. Macadamia Oil Cake (MOC) can be classified among the non-conventional ingredients that can be included in animal diets, without resulting in any negative effects. The present study evaluated the utilization of MOC-based diets in ruminants. Eight Boer and eight Pedi bucks initially weighing an average of 34 ± 8.39 kg and aged 18 to 24 months were housed individually in metabolic cages (1.8 m × 0.58 m × 1.33 m) to measure nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen (N) retention and microbial protein yield. The goats were balanced for breed and allocated in a completely randomized design (CRD) to four dietary treatments containing 0, 10, 15, and 20% MOC inclusion. Microbial protein yield was assessed using the urinary excretion of purine derivative (PD) allantoin method to estimate the efficient utilization of nitrogen in the MOC-based diets. The study was carried out for 21 days, beginning with 14 days for acclimatization and seven days for sample collection. MOC inclusion significantly affected (P˂0.05) the intake of ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). However, the intake of dry matter (DM) , organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) were not significantly affected (P˃0.05) by MOC supplementation. Significant differences (P˂0.05) were observed for OM and EE apparent digestibility of MOC-based diets by goats. However, No significant differences (P>0.05) were found in the apparent digestibilities of DM, CP, NDF and ADF. Nitrogen (N) retention was not significantly affected (P>0.05). All goats had positive N-retention values. Urinary allantoin excretion differed significantly (P<0.05) within treatments and affected (P<0.05) microbial protein yield. To conclude, the results attained in this study imply that MOC does not affect apparent digestibility of DM, CP and N-retention but enhanced microbial protein yield. Therefore, MOC showed to be a promising protein source to be utilized in goat diets without significantly causing any adverse effects.NRF","abstract_html":"Ruminants and rumen bacteria form a symbiotic relationship. However, because of nitrogen (N) inefficiency, this interdependent relationship loses energy and protein. Strategic feeding of ruminants with diets containing non-conventional feedstuffs appears to be a promising way to enhance proficiency of protein and energy utilization in ruminants. Macadamia Oil Cake (MOC) can be classified among the non-conventional ingredients that can be included in animal diets, without resulting in any negative effects. The present study evaluated the utilization of MOC-based diets in ruminants. Eight Boer and eight Pedi bucks initially weighing an average of 34 ± 8.39 kg and aged 18 to 24 months were housed individually in metabolic cages (1.8 m × 0.58 m × 1.33 m) to measure nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen (N) retention and microbial protein yield. The goats were balanced for breed and allocated in a completely randomized design (CRD) to four dietary treatments containing 0, 10, 15, and 20% MOC inclusion. Microbial protein yield was assessed using the urinary excretion of purine derivative (PD) allantoin method to estimate the efficient utilization of nitrogen in the MOC-based diets. The study was carried out for 21 days, beginning with 14 days for acclimatization and seven days for sample collection. MOC inclusion significantly affected (P˂0.05) the intake of ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). However, the intake of dry matter (DM) , organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) were not significantly affected (P˃0.05) by MOC supplementation. Significant differences (P˂0.05) were observed for OM and EE apparent digestibility of MOC-based diets by goats. However, No significant differences (P&gt;0.05) were found in the apparent digestibilities of DM, CP, NDF and ADF. Nitrogen (N) retention was not significantly affected (P&gt;0.05). All goats had positive N-retention values. Urinary allantoin excretion differed significantly (P&lt;0.05) within treatments and affected (P&lt;0.05) microbial protein yield. To conclude, the results attained in this study imply that MOC does not affect apparent digestibility of DM, CP and N-retention but enhanced microbial protein yield. Therefore, MOC showed to be a promising protein source to be utilized in goat diets without significantly causing any adverse effects.NRF","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Mkhonto, Zinhle Debra"],"institution":null,"degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":["Baloyi, J. J.","Mikasi, M. S."],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2023,"date_issued":"2023-05-19","date_published":"2023-05-19","updated_at":"2026-07-27T21:57:31Z","subjects":["Allantoin","Apparent digestibility","Goats","Macadamia oil cake","Microbial protein yield","Nitrogen retention","Utilization"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["University of Venda"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11602/2482","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.advisor","label":"Advisor","values":["Baloyi, J. J.","Mikasi, M. 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However, because of nitrogen (N) inefficiency, this interdependent relationship loses energy and protein. Strategic feeding of ruminants with diets containing non-conventional feedstuffs appears to be a promising way to enhance proficiency of protein and energy utilization in ruminants. Macadamia Oil Cake (MOC) can be classified among the non-conventional ingredients that can be included in animal diets, without resulting in any negative effects. The present study evaluated the utilization of MOC-based diets in ruminants. Eight Boer and eight Pedi bucks initially weighing an average of 34 ± 8.39 kg and aged 18 to 24 months were housed individually in metabolic cages (1.8 m × 0.58 m × 1.33 m) to measure nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen (N) retention and microbial protein yield. The goats were balanced for breed and allocated in a completely randomized design (CRD) to four dietary treatments containing 0, 10, 15, and 20% MOC inclusion. Microbial protein yield was assessed using the urinary excretion of purine derivative (PD) allantoin method to estimate the efficient utilization of nitrogen in the MOC-based diets. The study was carried out for 21 days, beginning with 14 days for acclimatization and seven days for sample collection. MOC inclusion significantly affected (P˂0.05) the intake of ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). However, the intake of dry matter (DM) , organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) were not significantly affected (P˃0.05) by MOC supplementation. Significant differences (P˂0.05) were observed for OM and EE apparent digestibility of MOC-based diets by goats. However, No significant differences (P>0.05) were found in the apparent digestibilities of DM, CP, NDF and ADF. Nitrogen (N) retention was not significantly affected (P>0.05). All goats had positive N-retention values. Urinary allantoin excretion differed significantly (P<0.05) within treatments and affected (P<0.05) microbial protein yield. To conclude, the results attained in this study imply that MOC does not affect apparent digestibility of DM, CP and N-retention but enhanced microbial protein yield. Therefore, MOC showed to be a promising protein source to be utilized in goat diets without significantly causing any adverse effects.NRF"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Efficient utilization of Macadamia oil cake based diets in ruminants"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.advisor":["Baloyi, J. J.","Mikasi, M. S."],"dc:creator":["Mkhonto, Zinhle Debra"],"dc:date":["2023"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2023-05-29T10:57:47Z"],"dc:date.available":["2023-05-29T10:57:47Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2023-05-19"],"dc:description":["MSCANS","Department of Animal Science"],"dc:description.abstract":["Ruminants and rumen bacteria form a symbiotic relationship. However, because of nitrogen (N) inefficiency, this interdependent relationship loses energy and protein. Strategic feeding of ruminants with diets containing non-conventional feedstuffs appears to be a promising way to enhance proficiency of protein and energy utilization in ruminants. Macadamia Oil Cake (MOC) can be classified among the non-conventional ingredients that can be included in animal diets, without resulting in any negative effects. The present study evaluated the utilization of MOC-based diets in ruminants. Eight Boer and eight Pedi bucks initially weighing an average of 34 ± 8.39 kg and aged 18 to 24 months were housed individually in metabolic cages (1.8 m × 0.58 m × 1.33 m) to measure nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen (N) retention and microbial protein yield. The goats were balanced for breed and allocated in a completely randomized design (CRD) to four dietary treatments containing 0, 10, 15, and 20% MOC inclusion. Microbial protein yield was assessed using the urinary excretion of purine derivative (PD) allantoin method to estimate the efficient utilization of nitrogen in the MOC-based diets. The study was carried out for 21 days, beginning with 14 days for acclimatization and seven days for sample collection. MOC inclusion significantly affected (P˂0.05) the intake of ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). However, the intake of dry matter (DM) , organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) were not significantly affected (P˃0.05) by MOC supplementation. Significant differences (P˂0.05) were observed for OM and EE apparent digestibility of MOC-based diets by goats. However, No significant differences (P>0.05) were found in the apparent digestibilities of DM, CP, NDF and ADF. Nitrogen (N) retention was not significantly affected (P>0.05). All goats had positive N-retention values. Urinary allantoin excretion differed significantly (P<0.05) within treatments and affected (P<0.05) microbial protein yield. To conclude, the results attained in this study imply that MOC does not affect apparent digestibility of DM, CP and N-retention but enhanced microbial protein yield. Therefore, MOC showed to be a promising protein source to be utilized in goat diets without significantly causing any adverse effects.NRF"],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/11602/2482"],"dc:language.iso":["en"],"dc:rights":["University of Venda"],"dc:subject":["Allantoin","Apparent digestibility","Goats","Macadamia oil cake","Microbial protein yield","Nitrogen retention","Utilization"],"dc:title":["Efficient utilization of Macadamia oil cake based diets in ruminants"],"dc:type":["Dissertation"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-27T21:57:31Z"}