Food behavior, anthropometric indicators, physical activity and physical abilities of young men and women with normal weight, underweight and overweight /// Хранително поведение, антропометрични показатели, физическа активност и физическа дееспособност на младежи и девойки с нормално, поднормено и наднормено тегло

[EN] Adolescence is a critical period in which a pattern of nutrition and physical activity health effects not only young, but also in adulthood. In Bulgaria there are no studies of body composition and body fat in particular, to enable the identification of risk groups with higher fertility and metabolic risk in the population of 18-20 year-olds. The aim of the research is to reveal the details of eating habits, anthropometric status, physical activity and capacity among youths 18-20 years old, the relationship between them and the factors that determine them. Material: A cross-sectional study was conducted among students of class 12 (for the school 2013-2014g.) in eight schools in Varna. The sample is representative and constitutes 11.2% of all 12-graders in the region. Methods: The anthropomorphic nutritional status was assessed by measuring the height, weight, body circumference and BMI and determine the method Food Frequency Consumption. Information about body composition is obtained with validated method BIA (bioelectrical impedance analysis). Physical abilities was assessed using 6 test and physical activity levels were determined by validated questionnaire IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire). The data were processed with statistical methods. Results and conclusions: 1. The eating patterns of young people is characterized by some disadvantages: low consumption of foods with high biological value - bread (in both sexes), fresh fruits and vegetables (in both sexes, but especially for girls), fish (in both sex), dairy products (for girls). There is a high consumption of sweets, fizzy drinks (both sexes), juices (for girls), coffee (in both sexes) and energy drinks (youth). Negative feature in the groups with overweight and obesity is the lack of breakfast (especially for girls) and the displacement of food intake in the second half of the day. In the model of eating there are some favorable characteristics: satisfactory consumption of nuts and legumes (in both sexes) and high consumption of milk and milk products in young men. A positive feature is the availability of breakfast and high frequency of nutrition intake in the groups with underweight and normal weight. When boys and girls are overweight are established characteristics in food habits and preferences, which are indicative of an underreporting of the actual food consumption of some high calorie foods and are an expression of inadequate diets for weight reduction. 2. The analysis of food preferences and habits of the representative sample of adolescents leads to the conclusion that there is a risk of inadequate intake of several nutrients. Girls from all groups are at high risk of a deficiency of vitamins C, B1, B2, folic acid, A, E, carotenoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, calcium, fiber, bioflavonoids, probiotics. The highest risk for vitamin C deficiency, folic acid, B2 and calcium is in the group of girls with underweight. Boys from all groups are at high risk of inadequate dietary intake of vitamin D and polyunsaturated fatty acids. 3. Analysis of BMI showed similar frequencies of underweight and overweight in both sexes. This phenomenon is a manifestation of the unhealthy diet and inadequate physical activity. Unfavorable aspect of anthropometric nutritional status of girls is higher incidence of underweight (23.5%). It is most common in girls with high physical activity (38.9%). This is the group with the lowest metabolic risk, but at the same time - with the highest risk of nutritional deficiencies. More than half of girls with overweight and obesity are with low physical activity. Frequencies of underweight and overweight boys are almost the same in the groups with high and low physical activity. About ¼ of athletes adolescents are overweight, which could be explained by better-developed musculature in systematic physical exercise. 4. The study showed low self-esteem and lack of satisfaction of body weight and body forms a large part of girls regardless of BMI. Particularly worrying is the fact that young women with underweight determine your ideal body weight as lower than the current, which creates prerequisites for restrictions in food intake and a higher risk of nutrient deficiencies in childbearing age. 5. Establish a statistically significant positive association between the frequency of consumption of certain foods: meat, milk and milk products and BMI in young people. The girls there was a significant positive relationship between the consumption of milk and nuts and BMI. There were no significant correlations between the frequency of consumption of some more affordable products such as bakeries, sausage, beans, juices and anthropometric indicators of nutritional status. 6. Comparison of the degree of obesity in young people on the basis of two different anthropometric index - BMI and body fat percentage (% BF) allows to infer that there is a difference in prognostic function in adolescents with normal weight and obese. Almost half of boys with overweight are not really obese and have not increased cardio - metabolic risk. They have a relatively large share of muscle tissue at the expense of adipose tissue against the increased weight. The indicator % BF interprets true increased at the expense of muscle body weight. High share of matching assessment of nutritional status based on BMI and % BF young women gives reason to conclude that both indicators can be used for prediction of cardio-metabolic risk in this group. 7. The analysis of body composition, performed by BIA method, showed differences in the amount of fat, muscle mass and bone mass, as well as indicators of body hydration in different weight categories. The lowest bone mass is in young women with underweight, which allows us to conclude that normal body weight has a protective effect on bone density. Fat mass correlates positively with the frequency of consumption of coffee with the girls and with high levels of physical activity among young people. Heavy activity is a significant positive correlation with muscle mass in the boys. 8. Recommendations for moderate to high physical activity are met by 79.9% of boys and 56.3% of girls. Heavy grades are preferred by young people, moderate - of the young women in the study9. Adolescents with high level of physical activity demonstrate a high level of development of physical abilities and excellent capacity. There are statistically significant differences between groups with high and low activity indicators for the assessment of physical fitness. 10. Some of the tests to measure the capacity to act are not sufficiently informative (dexterity and agility). They could be replaced by more sensitive indicators of the physical abilities of youth. 11. There were no significant correlations between the pattern of eating, ethnicity, education and employment of parents of young men and women. There are positive links is taking fruits and high levels of education of the mother and the consumption of snacks and employment of both parents. 12. The model of nutrition in adolescence depends lesser degree of socio - economic factors and is formed under the influence of the media environment. Based on actual results are formulated the following recommendations: 1. Recommendation for intervention programs to reduce nutritional deficiencies among youths. 2. Recommendation for determining the degree of obesity and to assess the cardio - metabolic risk in men taking account % BF. 3. Recommendation to update the battery of indicators to assess the physical fitness and abilities.

Authors dc:creator

• Naydenova, Darina
• Найденова, Дарина

• eating patterns
• food behavior
• anthropometric indicators
• weight
• underweight
• overweight
• Фармакология, токсикология и фармакотерапия / Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacotherapy

Repository record dc:identifier

http://repository.mu-varna.bg/handle/nls/49

OAI identifier oai:identifier

oai:repository.mu-varna.bg:nls/49