Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized innate immune cells that sense pathogen-associated signals via pattern recognition receptors, including the TLRs, and subsequently stimulate adaptive immune responses to combat infection. The mutual antagonists and transcriptional regulators inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2) and the E protein E2-2 direct type 1 conventional DC (cDC1) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) development, respectively. Though the requirement of Id2 in cDC1 lineage development during the steady state is well established, roles for Id2 in DC subset or progenitor response to TLR agonists remains unknown. Prior work found Id2 is induced in pDCs upon maturation, suggesting Id2 may be an important regulator of pDC function and that TLR agonist signaling directly regulates Id2 gene expression. It also remains unknown whether TLR agonist-regulated Id2 is important in other DC populations, including the DC progenitor compartment and cDC1s. Therefore, we hypothesize TLR agonist signaling regulates Id2 induction, affecting both DC lineage development and the unique effector functions of pDCs and cDC1s. Herein, we found Id2 expression correlates with pDC maturation upon TLR agonist treatment, modestly regulates proinflammatory soluble factor production, but is largely dispensable for their maturation. We further determined mechanisms of Id2 gene regulation via molecular assays and genetic mouse models. TLR activation of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc13, rapidly stimulates Id2 transcriptional activity, independent of type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling in pDCs. Based on this mechanism, we further assessed roles for TLR agonists in related DC populations. We found TLR agonist treatment induces Id2 expression in CD115+ common DC progenitors (CDPs), but not cDC1s. To study the impact of Id2 in the DC progenitor compartment upon TLR agonist treatment, we utilized both in vitro differentiation assays and in vivo TLR agonist challenges and found Id2 is essential for cDC1 development following TLR challenge. Finally, using Id2 conditional deletion, we identified specific roles for Id2 to modestly promote CXCL2 production from CD103+ cDC1s, though Id2 was largely dispensable for their maturation. Collectively, we conclude Id2 predominately exerts its role as a developmental regulator of the cDC1 lineage, but also regulates the production of specific cytokines or chemokines in a DC subset-specific manner. Furthermore, we found TLR agonists stimulate Id2 transcription in a cell-type specific manner via Ubc13, which may be an important regulatory pathway in other immune or non-immune cells.
","abstract_html":"<p>Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized innate immune cells that sense pathogen-associated signals via pattern recognition receptors, including the TLRs, and subsequently stimulate adaptive immune responses to combat infection. The mutual antagonists and transcriptional regulators inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2) and the E protein E2-2 direct type 1 conventional DC (cDC1) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) development, respectively. Though the requirement of Id2 in cDC1 lineage development during the steady state is well established, roles for Id2 in DC subset or progenitor response to TLR agonists remains unknown. Prior work found <em>Id2</em> is induced in pDCs upon maturation, suggesting Id2 may be an important regulator of pDC function and that TLR agonist signaling directly regulates <em>Id2</em> gene expression. It also remains unknown whether TLR agonist-regulated Id2 is important in other DC populations, including the DC progenitor compartment and cDC1s. Therefore, we hypothesize TLR agonist signaling regulates Id2 induction, affecting both DC lineage development and the unique effector functions of pDCs and cDC1s. Herein, we found Id2 expression correlates with pDC maturation upon TLR agonist treatment, modestly regulates proinflammatory soluble factor production, but is largely dispensable for their maturation. We further determined mechanisms of <em>Id2 </em>gene regulation via molecular assays and genetic mouse models. TLR activation of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc13, rapidly stimulates <em>Id2</em> transcriptional activity, independent of type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling in pDCs. Based on this mechanism, we further assessed roles for TLR agonists in related DC populations. We found TLR agonist treatment induces <em>Id2 </em>expression in CD115<sup>+</sup> common DC progenitors (CDPs), but not cDC1s. To study the impact of Id2 in the DC progenitor compartment upon TLR agonist treatment, we utilized both <em>in vitro</em> differentiation assays and <em>in vivo</em> TLR agonist challenges and found Id2 is essential for cDC1 development following TLR challenge. Finally, using <em>Id2 </em>conditional deletion, we identified specific roles for Id2 to modestly promote CXCL2 production from CD103<sup>+</sup> cDC1s, though Id2 was largely dispensable for their maturation. Collectively, we conclude Id2 predominately exerts its role as a developmental regulator of the cDC1 lineage, but also regulates the production of specific cytokines or chemokines in a DC subset-specific manner. Furthermore, we found TLR agonists stimulate <em>Id2</em> transcription in a cell-type specific manner via Ubc13, which may be an important regulatory pathway in other immune or non-immune cells.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Babcock, Rachel L.","0000-0002-1848-5494
"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)","degree_level":"Dissertation (PhD)","degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Stephanie S. Watowich, PhD","Min Chen, PhD","Gregory Lizee, PhD"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2022,"date_issued":"2022-05-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2022-05-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:49:16Z","subjects":["dendritic cells","TLRs","Id2","pDCs","cDC1s","dendritic cell progenitors","transcriptional regulation","cell activation","Medicine and Health Sciences"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/utgsbs_dissertations/1179","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Stephanie S. Watowich, PhD","Min Chen, PhD","Gregory Lizee, PhD"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Babcock, Rachel L.","0000-0002-1848-5494
"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2023-04-28T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation (PhD)"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["dendritic cells","TLRs","Id2","pDCs","cDC1s","dendritic cell progenitors","transcriptional regulation","cell activation","Medicine and Health Sciences"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/utgsbs_dissertations/1179"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized innate immune cells that sense pathogen-associated signals via pattern recognition receptors, including the TLRs, and subsequently stimulate adaptive immune responses to combat infection. The mutual antagonists and transcriptional regulators inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2) and the E protein E2-2 direct type 1 conventional DC (cDC1) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) development, respectively. Though the requirement of Id2 in cDC1 lineage development during the steady state is well established, roles for Id2 in DC subset or progenitor response to TLR agonists remains unknown. Prior work found Id2 is induced in pDCs upon maturation, suggesting Id2 may be an important regulator of pDC function and that TLR agonist signaling directly regulates Id2 gene expression. It also remains unknown whether TLR agonist-regulated Id2 is important in other DC populations, including the DC progenitor compartment and cDC1s. Therefore, we hypothesize TLR agonist signaling regulates Id2 induction, affecting both DC lineage development and the unique effector functions of pDCs and cDC1s. Herein, we found Id2 expression correlates with pDC maturation upon TLR agonist treatment, modestly regulates proinflammatory soluble factor production, but is largely dispensable for their maturation. We further determined mechanisms of Id2 gene regulation via molecular assays and genetic mouse models. TLR activation of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc13, rapidly stimulates Id2 transcriptional activity, independent of type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling in pDCs. Based on this mechanism, we further assessed roles for TLR agonists in related DC populations. We found TLR agonist treatment induces Id2 expression in CD115+ common DC progenitors (CDPs), but not cDC1s. To study the impact of Id2 in the DC progenitor compartment upon TLR agonist treatment, we utilized both in vitro differentiation assays and in vivo TLR agonist challenges and found Id2 is essential for cDC1 development following TLR challenge. Finally, using Id2 conditional deletion, we identified specific roles for Id2 to modestly promote CXCL2 production from CD103+ cDC1s, though Id2 was largely dispensable for their maturation. Collectively, we conclude Id2 predominately exerts its role as a developmental regulator of the cDC1 lineage, but also regulates the production of specific cytokines or chemokines in a DC subset-specific manner. Furthermore, we found TLR agonists stimulate Id2 transcription in a cell-type specific manner via Ubc13, which may be an important regulatory pathway in other immune or non-immune cells.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The Role and Regulation of Id2 In Dendritic Cells"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Stephanie S. Watowich, PhD","Min Chen, PhD","Gregory Lizee, PhD"],"dc:creator":["Babcock, Rachel L.","0000-0002-1848-5494
"],"dc:date.available":["2023-04-28T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized innate immune cells that sense pathogen-associated signals via pattern recognition receptors, including the TLRs, and subsequently stimulate adaptive immune responses to combat infection. The mutual antagonists and transcriptional regulators inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2) and the E protein E2-2 direct type 1 conventional DC (cDC1) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) development, respectively. Though the requirement of Id2 in cDC1 lineage development during the steady state is well established, roles for Id2 in DC subset or progenitor response to TLR agonists remains unknown. Prior work found Id2 is induced in pDCs upon maturation, suggesting Id2 may be an important regulator of pDC function and that TLR agonist signaling directly regulates Id2 gene expression. It also remains unknown whether TLR agonist-regulated Id2 is important in other DC populations, including the DC progenitor compartment and cDC1s. Therefore, we hypothesize TLR agonist signaling regulates Id2 induction, affecting both DC lineage development and the unique effector functions of pDCs and cDC1s. Herein, we found Id2 expression correlates with pDC maturation upon TLR agonist treatment, modestly regulates proinflammatory soluble factor production, but is largely dispensable for their maturation. We further determined mechanisms of Id2 gene regulation via molecular assays and genetic mouse models. TLR activation of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc13, rapidly stimulates Id2 transcriptional activity, independent of type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling in pDCs. Based on this mechanism, we further assessed roles for TLR agonists in related DC populations. We found TLR agonist treatment induces Id2 expression in CD115+ common DC progenitors (CDPs), but not cDC1s. To study the impact of Id2 in the DC progenitor compartment upon TLR agonist treatment, we utilized both in vitro differentiation assays and in vivo TLR agonist challenges and found Id2 is essential for cDC1 development following TLR challenge. Finally, using Id2 conditional deletion, we identified specific roles for Id2 to modestly promote CXCL2 production from CD103+ cDC1s, though Id2 was largely dispensable for their maturation. Collectively, we conclude Id2 predominately exerts its role as a developmental regulator of the cDC1 lineage, but also regulates the production of specific cytokines or chemokines in a DC subset-specific manner. Furthermore, we found TLR agonists stimulate Id2 transcription in a cell-type specific manner via Ubc13, which may be an important regulatory pathway in other immune or non-immune cells.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/utgsbs_dissertations/1179"],"dc:subject":["dendritic cells","TLRs","Id2","pDCs","cDC1s","dendritic cell progenitors","transcriptional regulation","cell activation","Medicine and Health Sciences"],"dc:title":["The Role and Regulation of Id2 In Dendritic Cells"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation (PhD)"],"thesis:degree_name":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:49:16Z"}