Rumination maintains, exacerbates, and is related to several maladaptive outcomes including negative affect (e.g., sadness, anger), symptoms of depression, and aggression in samples of nonclinical and clinical populations across developmental periods (e.g., McLaughlin & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2011; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1996; Thomsen, 2006; Peled & Moretti, 2007; Yang, et. al., 2014). Recently, the construct of sadness rumination has been conceptualized as two distinct subtypes, reflection and brooding (Treynor, Gonzalez, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003). Brooding is considered maladaptive because feelings and situations are viewed through a negativistic lens and reflection is viewed as adaptive and uses a problem-solving approach (Lopez, 2010; Burwell & Shirk, 2007; Smith & Alloy, 2009; Treynor, et al., 2003). The current study aimed to expand upon this past research and examine whether a two-factor model of rumination (brooding and reflection) is relevant for anger rumination and examine which subtype is associated with different forms of aggression. Results revealed that a two-factor model of anger rumination was a better fit than a one-factor model. Furthermore, this study found that brooding significantly associated with increases in physical and relational aggression and reflection was significantly associated with decreases in physical and relational aggression. However, reflection and not brooding was determined to be significantly associated with elevated levels of verbal aggression. Importantly, sex did not moderate the relationship between brooding and the different forms of aggression. Overall, these findings provide evidence of brooding and reflection subtypes for anger rumination and increases the specificity of how risk factors for aggression are conceptualized, thus informing future directions for research and treatment.
","abstract_html":"<p>Rumination maintains, exacerbates, and is related to several maladaptive outcomes including negative affect (e.g., sadness, anger), symptoms of depression, and aggression in samples of nonclinical and clinical populations across developmental periods (e.g., McLaughlin & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2011; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1996; Thomsen, 2006; Peled & Moretti, 2007; Yang, et. al., 2014). Recently, the construct of sadness rumination has been conceptualized as two distinct subtypes, reflection and brooding (Treynor, Gonzalez, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003). Brooding is considered maladaptive because feelings and situations are viewed through a negativistic lens and reflection is viewed as adaptive and uses a problem-solving approach (Lopez, 2010; Burwell & Shirk, 2007; Smith & Alloy, 2009; Treynor, et al., 2003). The current study aimed to expand upon this past research and examine whether a two-factor model of rumination (brooding and reflection) is relevant for anger rumination and examine which subtype is associated with different forms of aggression. Results revealed that a two-factor model of anger rumination was a better fit than a one-factor model. Furthermore, this study found that brooding significantly associated with increases in physical and relational aggression and reflection was significantly associated with decreases in physical and relational aggression. However, reflection and not brooding was determined to be significantly associated with elevated levels of verbal aggression. Importantly, sex did not moderate the relationship between brooding and the different forms of aggression. Overall, these findings provide evidence of brooding and reflection subtypes for anger rumination and increases the specificity of how risk factors for aggression are conceptualized, thus informing future directions for research and treatment.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Walbridge, Fayth"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Arts (MA)","degree_level":"Masters Thesis","degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Dr. Stephanie Smith","Dr. Joye Anestis","Dr. Eric Dahlen"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2021,"date_issued":"2021-05-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2021-05-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:45:19Z","subjects":["Rumination","Anger Rumination","Aggression","Clinical Psychology"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/807","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Dr. Stephanie Smith","Dr. Joye Anestis","Dr. Eric Dahlen"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Walbridge, Fayth"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2021-03-25T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Masters Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Arts (MA)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Rumination","Anger Rumination","Aggression","Clinical Psychology"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/807"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Rumination maintains, exacerbates, and is related to several maladaptive outcomes including negative affect (e.g., sadness, anger), symptoms of depression, and aggression in samples of nonclinical and clinical populations across developmental periods (e.g., McLaughlin & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2011; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1996; Thomsen, 2006; Peled & Moretti, 2007; Yang, et. al., 2014). Recently, the construct of sadness rumination has been conceptualized as two distinct subtypes, reflection and brooding (Treynor, Gonzalez, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003). Brooding is considered maladaptive because feelings and situations are viewed through a negativistic lens and reflection is viewed as adaptive and uses a problem-solving approach (Lopez, 2010; Burwell & Shirk, 2007; Smith & Alloy, 2009; Treynor, et al., 2003). The current study aimed to expand upon this past research and examine whether a two-factor model of rumination (brooding and reflection) is relevant for anger rumination and examine which subtype is associated with different forms of aggression. Results revealed that a two-factor model of anger rumination was a better fit than a one-factor model. Furthermore, this study found that brooding significantly associated with increases in physical and relational aggression and reflection was significantly associated with decreases in physical and relational aggression. However, reflection and not brooding was determined to be significantly associated with elevated levels of verbal aggression. Importantly, sex did not moderate the relationship between brooding and the different forms of aggression. Overall, these findings provide evidence of brooding and reflection subtypes for anger rumination and increases the specificity of how risk factors for aggression are conceptualized, thus informing future directions for research and treatment.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Proposed Subtypes of Anger Rumination: Brooding and Reflection and Their Associations with Aggression"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Dr. Stephanie Smith","Dr. Joye Anestis","Dr. Eric Dahlen"],"dc:creator":["Walbridge, Fayth"],"dc:date.available":["2021-03-25T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["Rumination maintains, exacerbates, and is related to several maladaptive outcomes including negative affect (e.g., sadness, anger), symptoms of depression, and aggression in samples of nonclinical and clinical populations across developmental periods (e.g., McLaughlin & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2011; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1996; Thomsen, 2006; Peled & Moretti, 2007; Yang, et. al., 2014). Recently, the construct of sadness rumination has been conceptualized as two distinct subtypes, reflection and brooding (Treynor, Gonzalez, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003). Brooding is considered maladaptive because feelings and situations are viewed through a negativistic lens and reflection is viewed as adaptive and uses a problem-solving approach (Lopez, 2010; Burwell & Shirk, 2007; Smith & Alloy, 2009; Treynor, et al., 2003). The current study aimed to expand upon this past research and examine whether a two-factor model of rumination (brooding and reflection) is relevant for anger rumination and examine which subtype is associated with different forms of aggression. Results revealed that a two-factor model of anger rumination was a better fit than a one-factor model. Furthermore, this study found that brooding significantly associated with increases in physical and relational aggression and reflection was significantly associated with decreases in physical and relational aggression. However, reflection and not brooding was determined to be significantly associated with elevated levels of verbal aggression. Importantly, sex did not moderate the relationship between brooding and the different forms of aggression. Overall, these findings provide evidence of brooding and reflection subtypes for anger rumination and increases the specificity of how risk factors for aggression are conceptualized, thus informing future directions for research and treatment.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/807"],"dc:subject":["Rumination","Anger Rumination","Aggression","Clinical Psychology"],"dc:title":["Proposed Subtypes of Anger Rumination: Brooding and Reflection and Their Associations with Aggression"],"thesis:degree_level":["Masters Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Arts (MA)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:45:19Z"}