Scholars consider U.S. Major General William T. Sherman's 1864 Meridian campaign as the origin of hard war strategy during the American Civil War. While Sherman's 1864 expedition is a clear demonstration of hard war, it did not begin there. Rather, U.S. Major General Ulysses S. Grant's planned and Sherman's implemented destruction of Jackson, Mississippi in May 1863 was their first use of hard war and is key to understanding the Union's acceptance of hard war strategy. Chapter I and Chapter II of this thesis explore the Army of the Tennessee's march to Jackson and Sherman's destruction of the city, along with Colonel Benjamin Grierson's deep penetration raid into Mississippi and General Order No. 100. Then, as a case study, Chapter III examines the Union's targeting of noncombatants and their property, especially Mississippi women, during the American Civil War. To prove that the Union first applied hard war strategy during the 1863 Vicksburg campaign, this thesis examines the diaries and letters of Jackson residents, contemporary news reports, and Grant and Sherman's memoirs and correspondence. By cross-checking these sources with the Southern Claims Commission records, this thesis reveals that the Union's destruction of Jackson was a key part of their evolving acceptance of hard war, in which Grant and Sherman began realizing the strategic effectiveness of attacks on both private property and military material.
","abstract_html":"<p>Scholars consider U.S. Major General William T. Sherman's 1864 Meridian campaign as the origin of hard war strategy during the American Civil War. While Sherman's 1864 expedition is a clear demonstration of hard war, it did not begin there. Rather, U.S. Major General Ulysses S. Grant's planned and Sherman's implemented destruction of Jackson, Mississippi in May 1863 was their first use of hard war and is key to understanding the Union's acceptance of hard war strategy. Chapter I and Chapter II of this thesis explore the Army of the Tennessee's march to Jackson and Sherman's destruction of the city, along with Colonel Benjamin Grierson's deep penetration raid into Mississippi and General Order No. 100. Then, as a case study, Chapter III examines the Union's targeting of noncombatants and their property, especially Mississippi women, during the American Civil War. To prove that the Union first applied hard war strategy during the 1863 Vicksburg campaign, this thesis examines the diaries and letters of Jackson residents, contemporary news reports, and Grant and Sherman's memoirs and correspondence. By cross-checking these sources with the Southern Claims Commission records, this thesis reveals that the Union's destruction of Jackson was a key part of their evolving acceptance of hard war, in which Grant and Sherman began realizing the strategic effectiveness of attacks on both private property and military material.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Riotto, Angela Maria"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Arts (MA)","degree_level":"Masters Thesis","degree_discipline":"History","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Susannah Ural","Andrew Wiest","Kyle Zelner"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2012,"date_issued":"2012-05-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2012-05-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:45:06Z","subjects":["Arts and Humanities","History","United States History"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/545","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Susannah Ural","Andrew Wiest","Kyle Zelner"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Riotto, Angela Maria"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2018-11-19T08:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["History"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Masters Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Arts (MA)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Arts and Humanities","History","United States History"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/545"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Scholars consider U.S. Major General William T. Sherman's 1864 Meridian campaign as the origin of hard war strategy during the American Civil War. While Sherman's 1864 expedition is a clear demonstration of hard war, it did not begin there. Rather, U.S. Major General Ulysses S. Grant's planned and Sherman's implemented destruction of Jackson, Mississippi in May 1863 was their first use of hard war and is key to understanding the Union's acceptance of hard war strategy. Chapter I and Chapter II of this thesis explore the Army of the Tennessee's march to Jackson and Sherman's destruction of the city, along with Colonel Benjamin Grierson's deep penetration raid into Mississippi and General Order No. 100. Then, as a case study, Chapter III examines the Union's targeting of noncombatants and their property, especially Mississippi women, during the American Civil War. To prove that the Union first applied hard war strategy during the 1863 Vicksburg campaign, this thesis examines the diaries and letters of Jackson residents, contemporary news reports, and Grant and Sherman's memoirs and correspondence. By cross-checking these sources with the Southern Claims Commission records, this thesis reveals that the Union's destruction of Jackson was a key part of their evolving acceptance of hard war, in which Grant and Sherman began realizing the strategic effectiveness of attacks on both private property and military material.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Furnish the Balance: The 1863 Roots of Hard Strategy in the American Civil War"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Susannah Ural","Andrew Wiest","Kyle Zelner"],"dc:creator":["Riotto, Angela Maria"],"dc:date.available":["2018-11-19T08:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["Scholars consider U.S. Major General William T. Sherman's 1864 Meridian campaign as the origin of hard war strategy during the American Civil War. While Sherman's 1864 expedition is a clear demonstration of hard war, it did not begin there. Rather, U.S. Major General Ulysses S. Grant's planned and Sherman's implemented destruction of Jackson, Mississippi in May 1863 was their first use of hard war and is key to understanding the Union's acceptance of hard war strategy. Chapter I and Chapter II of this thesis explore the Army of the Tennessee's march to Jackson and Sherman's destruction of the city, along with Colonel Benjamin Grierson's deep penetration raid into Mississippi and General Order No. 100. Then, as a case study, Chapter III examines the Union's targeting of noncombatants and their property, especially Mississippi women, during the American Civil War. To prove that the Union first applied hard war strategy during the 1863 Vicksburg campaign, this thesis examines the diaries and letters of Jackson residents, contemporary news reports, and Grant and Sherman's memoirs and correspondence. By cross-checking these sources with the Southern Claims Commission records, this thesis reveals that the Union's destruction of Jackson was a key part of their evolving acceptance of hard war, in which Grant and Sherman began realizing the strategic effectiveness of attacks on both private property and military material.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/545"],"dc:subject":["Arts and Humanities","History","United States History"],"dc:title":["Furnish the Balance: The 1863 Roots of Hard Strategy in the American Civil War"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["History"],"thesis:degree_level":["Masters Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Arts (MA)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:45:06Z"}