Despite significant gains of women living in advanced democracies over the last several decades, sex inequality in the market still exists. Women still earn less, work less, and are less likely to be found in top leadership positions in the market, especially mothers, but disparity between men and women in terms of these outcomes varies among many countries. This study explores the relationship between government policies and the market outcomes of women in the United States and other European nations to determine if the different policies explain the variances, and consequently the necessity of state intervention for achieving gender equality. The findings suggest state intervention is necessary to achieve sex equality and therefore does explain in part different market outcomes of women in the different countries in this study. However, specific policy provisions and important contextual factors can enhance or mitigate the degree to which government policies can affect the market outcomes of women. The analysis of government policies also demonstrates the weakness of the states' ability to influence change in the workplace and the broader cultural gender ideology and thus explains why progress has been so slow even in countries with extensive government intervention.
","abstract_html":"<p>Despite significant gains of women living in advanced democracies over the last several decades, sex inequality in the market still exists. Women still earn less, work less, and are less likely to be found in top leadership positions in the market, especially mothers, but disparity between men and women in terms of these outcomes varies among many countries. This study explores the relationship between government policies and the market outcomes of women in the United States and other European nations to determine if the different policies explain the variances, and consequently the necessity of state intervention for achieving gender equality. The findings suggest state intervention is necessary to achieve sex equality and therefore does explain in part different market outcomes of women in the different countries in this study. However, specific policy provisions and important contextual factors can enhance or mitigate the degree to which government policies can affect the market outcomes of women. The analysis of government policies also demonstrates the weakness of the states' ability to influence change in the workplace and the broader cultural gender ideology and thus explains why progress has been so slow even in countries with extensive government intervention.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Crosslin, Jennifer Mary"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Arts (MA)","degree_level":"Masters Thesis","degree_discipline":"Political Science, International Development, and International Affairs","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Robert Pauly","Marie Leonard","Tom Lansford"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2012,"date_issued":"2012-12-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2012-12-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:44:58Z","subjects":[],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/457","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Robert Pauly","Marie Leonard","Tom Lansford"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Crosslin, Jennifer Mary"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2018-11-05T08:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Political Science, International Development, and International Affairs"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Masters Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Arts (MA)"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/457"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Despite significant gains of women living in advanced democracies over the last several decades, sex inequality in the market still exists. Women still earn less, work less, and are less likely to be found in top leadership positions in the market, especially mothers, but disparity between men and women in terms of these outcomes varies among many countries. This study explores the relationship between government policies and the market outcomes of women in the United States and other European nations to determine if the different policies explain the variances, and consequently the necessity of state intervention for achieving gender equality. The findings suggest state intervention is necessary to achieve sex equality and therefore does explain in part different market outcomes of women in the different countries in this study. However, specific policy provisions and important contextual factors can enhance or mitigate the degree to which government policies can affect the market outcomes of women. The analysis of government policies also demonstrates the weakness of the states' ability to influence change in the workplace and the broader cultural gender ideology and thus explains why progress has been so slow even in countries with extensive government intervention.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Marginalization of Mothers in the Market: A Comparative Study of the Limits and Opportunities for Public Policy"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Robert Pauly","Marie Leonard","Tom Lansford"],"dc:creator":["Crosslin, Jennifer Mary"],"dc:date.available":["2018-11-05T08:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["Despite significant gains of women living in advanced democracies over the last several decades, sex inequality in the market still exists. Women still earn less, work less, and are less likely to be found in top leadership positions in the market, especially mothers, but disparity between men and women in terms of these outcomes varies among many countries. This study explores the relationship between government policies and the market outcomes of women in the United States and other European nations to determine if the different policies explain the variances, and consequently the necessity of state intervention for achieving gender equality. The findings suggest state intervention is necessary to achieve sex equality and therefore does explain in part different market outcomes of women in the different countries in this study. However, specific policy provisions and important contextual factors can enhance or mitigate the degree to which government policies can affect the market outcomes of women. The analysis of government policies also demonstrates the weakness of the states' ability to influence change in the workplace and the broader cultural gender ideology and thus explains why progress has been so slow even in countries with extensive government intervention.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/457"],"dc:title":["Marginalization of Mothers in the Market: A Comparative Study of the Limits and Opportunities for Public Policy"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Political Science, International Development, and International Affairs"],"thesis:degree_level":["Masters Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Arts (MA)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:44:58Z"}