There is a dearth of information regarding the vocal repertoire of North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). This indicator species is cosmopolitan yet elusive, making recordings methodologically difficult in the wild. Therefore, this exploratory study uses video and audio recordings of two populations of North American river otters in human care to broaden the known vocal repertoire of river otters in various social contexts. The populations consist of a male-female pair at the Stamford Museum and Nature Center and a male-male pair at The Maritime Aquarium at Norwalk. This study is the first to examine the vocalizations produced in a male-male pair of river otters. Data collection took place June through August of 2015. Approximately 766 minutes and 347 minutes were recorded respectively in each location using a Tascam DR40 recorder and a Sennheisser ME67 directional microphone. Video recording took place simultaneously with a Fujifilm FinePix XP80 digital camera. Call types were acoustically distinguished based on their appearance on a spectrogram. Parameters including average duration, frequency (high, low, max, 1st quarter, center, and 3rd quarter), and power (max and average) were measured for each call type. Because vocalizations are the focal point of this study, only behaviors co-occurring with vocalizations were included in the chi square analysis that showed a significant relationship between call type and behavior. Squeaks and whines were present during agonistic behaviors while chirps were produced during non-agonistic behaviors including investigating, stationary, and grooming. Results support that behavior likely plays a role in the type of calls produced by river otters in human care.
","abstract_html":"<p>There is a dearth of information regarding the vocal repertoire of North American river otters (<em>Lontra canadensis</em>). This indicator species is cosmopolitan yet elusive, making recordings methodologically difficult in the wild. Therefore, this exploratory study uses video and audio recordings of two populations of North American river otters in human care to broaden the known vocal repertoire of river otters in various social contexts. The populations consist of a male-female pair at the Stamford Museum and Nature Center and a male-male pair at The Maritime Aquarium at Norwalk. This study is the first to examine the vocalizations produced in a male-male pair of river otters. Data collection took place June through August of 2015. Approximately 766 minutes and 347 minutes were recorded respectively in each location using a Tascam DR40 recorder and a Sennheisser ME67 directional microphone. Video recording took place simultaneously with a Fujifilm FinePix XP80 digital camera. Call types were acoustically distinguished based on their appearance on a spectrogram. Parameters including average duration, frequency (high, low, max, 1st quarter, center, and 3rd quarter), and power (max and average) were measured for each call type. Because vocalizations are the focal point of this study, only behaviors co-occurring with vocalizations were included in the chi square analysis that showed a significant relationship between call type and behavior. <em>Squeaks</em> and <em>whines</em> were present during agonistic behaviors while <em>chirps</em> were produced during non-agonistic behaviors including investigating, stationary, and grooming. Results support that behavior likely plays a role in the type of calls produced by river otters in human care.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Walkley, Sarah"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Arts (MA)","degree_level":"Masters Thesis","degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Heidi Lyn","Richard Mohn","Carla Almonte"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2018,"date_issued":"2018-05-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2018-05-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:44:50Z","subjects":["Zoology"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/350","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Heidi Lyn","Richard Mohn","Carla Almonte"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Walkley, Sarah"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2018-03-28T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Masters Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Arts (MA)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Zoology"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/350"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["There is a dearth of information regarding the vocal repertoire of North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). This indicator species is cosmopolitan yet elusive, making recordings methodologically difficult in the wild. Therefore, this exploratory study uses video and audio recordings of two populations of North American river otters in human care to broaden the known vocal repertoire of river otters in various social contexts. The populations consist of a male-female pair at the Stamford Museum and Nature Center and a male-male pair at The Maritime Aquarium at Norwalk. This study is the first to examine the vocalizations produced in a male-male pair of river otters. Data collection took place June through August of 2015. Approximately 766 minutes and 347 minutes were recorded respectively in each location using a Tascam DR40 recorder and a Sennheisser ME67 directional microphone. Video recording took place simultaneously with a Fujifilm FinePix XP80 digital camera. Call types were acoustically distinguished based on their appearance on a spectrogram. Parameters including average duration, frequency (high, low, max, 1st quarter, center, and 3rd quarter), and power (max and average) were measured for each call type. Because vocalizations are the focal point of this study, only behaviors co-occurring with vocalizations were included in the chi square analysis that showed a significant relationship between call type and behavior. Squeaks and whines were present during agonistic behaviors while chirps were produced during non-agonistic behaviors including investigating, stationary, and grooming. Results support that behavior likely plays a role in the type of calls produced by river otters in human care.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Vocalizations of North American River Otters (Lontra canadensis) in Two Human Care Populations"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Heidi Lyn","Richard Mohn","Carla Almonte"],"dc:creator":["Walkley, Sarah"],"dc:date.available":["2018-03-28T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["There is a dearth of information regarding the vocal repertoire of North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). This indicator species is cosmopolitan yet elusive, making recordings methodologically difficult in the wild. Therefore, this exploratory study uses video and audio recordings of two populations of North American river otters in human care to broaden the known vocal repertoire of river otters in various social contexts. The populations consist of a male-female pair at the Stamford Museum and Nature Center and a male-male pair at The Maritime Aquarium at Norwalk. This study is the first to examine the vocalizations produced in a male-male pair of river otters. Data collection took place June through August of 2015. Approximately 766 minutes and 347 minutes were recorded respectively in each location using a Tascam DR40 recorder and a Sennheisser ME67 directional microphone. Video recording took place simultaneously with a Fujifilm FinePix XP80 digital camera. Call types were acoustically distinguished based on their appearance on a spectrogram. Parameters including average duration, frequency (high, low, max, 1st quarter, center, and 3rd quarter), and power (max and average) were measured for each call type. Because vocalizations are the focal point of this study, only behaviors co-occurring with vocalizations were included in the chi square analysis that showed a significant relationship between call type and behavior. Squeaks and whines were present during agonistic behaviors while chirps were produced during non-agonistic behaviors including investigating, stationary, and grooming. Results support that behavior likely plays a role in the type of calls produced by river otters in human care.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/350"],"dc:subject":["Zoology"],"dc:title":["Vocalizations of North American River Otters (Lontra canadensis) in Two Human Care Populations"],"thesis:degree_level":["Masters Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Arts (MA)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:44:50Z"}