Located in western Belize, Tipu was occupied from 1541-1704. This Colonial Maya population from a Spanish visita mission church was analyzed to investigate health disturbances associated with European contact. Dental defect called enamel hypoplasias were scored to assess childhood health. Standard methods of scoring (Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994) were employed to assess frequency, severity, and type of episode in the permanent anterior dentition. For analysis, 325 individuals were placed into age groups of subadults (6-17 years), younger adults (18-35 years), and older adults (36-50+ years). The population was also considered for differences by sex and tooth type.
Results showed a mean of 1.89 hypoplasias per tooth with canines averaging 0.36 more episodes than maxillary central incisors. 79.3% of central incisors were affected and 87.3% of canines displayed lesions. Individuals dying as younger adults had significantly more episodes than older adults. Only a slight difference between means and individual tooth frequencies were present between the sexes. Over 90% of the episodes recorded were of mild severity. Subadults demonstrated a higher frequency of moderate and severe hypoplasias. Mean age at formation was consistent across sex and age groups with most forming from 2-3 years on incisors and 3-4.5 years on canines. These data suggest that overall the population at Tipu was relativity healthy despite European contact, which is also reflected in low frequencies of other indicators, such as anemia and infection. Similarly, they do not reflect extensive presence of epidemic disease, instead showing adaptation despite notable culture change.
","abstract_html":"<p>Located in western Belize, Tipu was occupied from 1541-1704. This Colonial Maya population from a Spanish visita mission church was analyzed to investigate health disturbances associated with European contact. Dental defect called enamel hypoplasias were scored to assess childhood health. Standard methods of scoring (Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994) were employed to assess frequency, severity, and type of episode in the permanent anterior dentition. For analysis, 325 individuals were placed into age groups of subadults (6-17 years), younger adults (18-35 years), and older adults (36-50+ years). The population was also considered for differences by sex and tooth type.</p> <p>Results showed a mean of 1.89 hypoplasias per tooth with canines averaging 0.36 more episodes than maxillary central incisors. 79.3% of central incisors were affected and 87.3% of canines displayed lesions. Individuals dying as younger adults had significantly more episodes than older adults. Only a slight difference between means and individual tooth frequencies were present between the sexes. Over 90% of the episodes recorded were of mild severity. Subadults demonstrated a higher frequency of moderate and severe hypoplasias. Mean age at formation was consistent across sex and age groups with most forming from 2-3 years on incisors and 3-4.5 years on canines. These data suggest that overall the population at Tipu was relativity healthy despite European contact, which is also reflected in low frequencies of other indicators, such as anemia and infection. Similarly, they do not reflect extensive presence of epidemic disease, instead showing adaptation despite notable culture change.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Harvey, Amanda R."],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Arts (MA)","degree_level":"Masters Thesis","degree_discipline":"Anthropology and Sociology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Marie Danforth","Edwin Jackson","Jeffrey Kaufmann"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2011,"date_issued":"2011-12-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2011-12-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:44:41Z","subjects":["Belize","Tipu","Maya","Mayan","health disturbances","post-colonial contact","Anthropology","Biological and Physical Anthropology","Latin American History","Social and Cultural Anthropology"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/234","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Marie Danforth","Edwin Jackson","Jeffrey Kaufmann"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Harvey, Amanda R."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2016-08-15T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Anthropology and Sociology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Masters Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Arts (MA)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Belize","Tipu","Maya","Mayan","health disturbances","post-colonial contact","Anthropology","Biological and Physical Anthropology","Latin American History","Social and Cultural Anthropology"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/234"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Located in western Belize, Tipu was occupied from 1541-1704. This Colonial Maya population from a Spanish visita mission church was analyzed to investigate health disturbances associated with European contact. Dental defect called enamel hypoplasias were scored to assess childhood health. Standard methods of scoring (Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994) were employed to assess frequency, severity, and type of episode in the permanent anterior dentition. For analysis, 325 individuals were placed into age groups of subadults (6-17 years), younger adults (18-35 years), and older adults (36-50+ years). The population was also considered for differences by sex and tooth type.
Results showed a mean of 1.89 hypoplasias per tooth with canines averaging 0.36 more episodes than maxillary central incisors. 79.3% of central incisors were affected and 87.3% of canines displayed lesions. Individuals dying as younger adults had significantly more episodes than older adults. Only a slight difference between means and individual tooth frequencies were present between the sexes. Over 90% of the episodes recorded were of mild severity. Subadults demonstrated a higher frequency of moderate and severe hypoplasias. Mean age at formation was consistent across sex and age groups with most forming from 2-3 years on incisors and 3-4.5 years on canines. These data suggest that overall the population at Tipu was relativity healthy despite European contact, which is also reflected in low frequencies of other indicators, such as anemia and infection. Similarly, they do not reflect extensive presence of epidemic disease, instead showing adaptation despite notable culture change.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Consequences of Contact: An Evaluation of Childhood Health Patterns Using Enamel Hypoplasias Among the Colonial Maya of Tipu"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Marie Danforth","Edwin Jackson","Jeffrey Kaufmann"],"dc:creator":["Harvey, Amanda R."],"dc:date.available":["2016-08-15T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["Located in western Belize, Tipu was occupied from 1541-1704. This Colonial Maya population from a Spanish visita mission church was analyzed to investigate health disturbances associated with European contact. Dental defect called enamel hypoplasias were scored to assess childhood health. Standard methods of scoring (Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994) were employed to assess frequency, severity, and type of episode in the permanent anterior dentition. For analysis, 325 individuals were placed into age groups of subadults (6-17 years), younger adults (18-35 years), and older adults (36-50+ years). The population was also considered for differences by sex and tooth type.
Results showed a mean of 1.89 hypoplasias per tooth with canines averaging 0.36 more episodes than maxillary central incisors. 79.3% of central incisors were affected and 87.3% of canines displayed lesions. Individuals dying as younger adults had significantly more episodes than older adults. Only a slight difference between means and individual tooth frequencies were present between the sexes. Over 90% of the episodes recorded were of mild severity. Subadults demonstrated a higher frequency of moderate and severe hypoplasias. Mean age at formation was consistent across sex and age groups with most forming from 2-3 years on incisors and 3-4.5 years on canines. These data suggest that overall the population at Tipu was relativity healthy despite European contact, which is also reflected in low frequencies of other indicators, such as anemia and infection. Similarly, they do not reflect extensive presence of epidemic disease, instead showing adaptation despite notable culture change.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/234"],"dc:subject":["Belize","Tipu","Maya","Mayan","health disturbances","post-colonial contact","Anthropology","Biological and Physical Anthropology","Latin American History","Social and Cultural Anthropology"],"dc:title":["Consequences of Contact: An Evaluation of Childhood Health Patterns Using Enamel Hypoplasias Among the Colonial Maya of Tipu"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Anthropology and Sociology"],"thesis:degree_level":["Masters Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Arts (MA)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:44:41Z"}