In an effort to explain the underlying mechanisms of number representation, both the object-file and the approximate number system have been proposed. Despite the recognition in animals, both nonhuman and human, it remains unclear how numbers are represented cognitively or what system is employed. Furthermore, primate numerosity research has been almost exclusively conducted within haplorhine species (monkeys and apes). Within the strepsirhines (lemurs, lorises, and galagos), it has only been investigated in 15 diurnal and cathermal Malagasy primate species. No study to date has looked at this ability in either African strepsirhines or nocturnal primates. To examine the extent of numerical representation among the strepsirhines, the current study examined a nocturnal African primate, Garnett’s Greater Bushbaby (Otolemur garnettii). Using a modified search task developed by Lewis et al. (2005), bushbabies searched for raisins in an opaque pail across 10 paired trials. Each pair consisted of one “honest” presentation (number observed = number retrievable) and one “deceitful” presentation (number observed > number retrievable), with trial conditions consisting of 1 vs. 2, 2 vs. 3, and 3 vs. 4. False bottoms in the pails allowed for “deceitful” presentations. A 5 (1:1, 2:4. 4:8, 2:3, 3:4) X 2 (honest vs deceitful) fully repeated measures analysis of variance examined the within-subject effects of trial type and ratio of raisins revealing longer search times on deceitful versus honest trials only with ratios of 1:2 and 2:4.
","abstract_html":"<p>In an effort to explain the underlying mechanisms of number representation, both the object-file and the approximate number system have been proposed. Despite the recognition in animals, both nonhuman and human, it remains unclear how numbers are represented cognitively or what system is employed. Furthermore, primate numerosity research has been almost exclusively conducted within haplorhine species (monkeys and apes). Within the strepsirhines (lemurs, lorises, and galagos), it has only been investigated in 15 diurnal and cathermal Malagasy primate species. No study to date has looked at this ability in either African strepsirhines or nocturnal primates. To examine the extent of numerical representation among the strepsirhines, the current study examined a nocturnal African primate, Garnett’s Greater Bushbaby (<em>Otolemur garnettii</em>). Using a modified search task developed by Lewis et al. (2005), bushbabies searched for raisins in an opaque pail across 10 paired trials. Each pair consisted of one “honest” presentation (number observed = number retrievable) and one “deceitful” presentation (number observed > number retrievable), with trial conditions consisting of 1 vs. 2, 2 vs. 3, and 3 vs. 4. False bottoms in the pails allowed for “deceitful” presentations. A 5 (1:1, 2:4. 4:8, 2:3, 3:4) X 2 (honest vs deceitful) fully repeated measures analysis of variance examined the within-subject effects of trial type and ratio of raisins revealing longer search times on deceitful versus honest trials only with ratios of 1:2 and 2:4.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Baker, Tiffany Aycia Woodard"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science (MS)","degree_level":"Masters Thesis","degree_discipline":"Psychology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Tammy Greer","Alen Hajnal","Bonnie Smith"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2016,"date_issued":"2016-08-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2016-08-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:44:34Z","subjects":["bushbaby","numerosity","number representation","strepsirhine","prosimian","Experimental Analysis of Behavior","Psychology"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/201","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Tammy Greer","Alen Hajnal","Bonnie Smith"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Baker, Tiffany Aycia Woodard"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2016-06-30T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Psychology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Masters Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science (MS)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["bushbaby","numerosity","number representation","strepsirhine","prosimian","Experimental Analysis of Behavior","Psychology"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/201"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["In an effort to explain the underlying mechanisms of number representation, both the object-file and the approximate number system have been proposed. Despite the recognition in animals, both nonhuman and human, it remains unclear how numbers are represented cognitively or what system is employed. Furthermore, primate numerosity research has been almost exclusively conducted within haplorhine species (monkeys and apes). Within the strepsirhines (lemurs, lorises, and galagos), it has only been investigated in 15 diurnal and cathermal Malagasy primate species. No study to date has looked at this ability in either African strepsirhines or nocturnal primates. To examine the extent of numerical representation among the strepsirhines, the current study examined a nocturnal African primate, Garnett’s Greater Bushbaby (Otolemur garnettii). Using a modified search task developed by Lewis et al. (2005), bushbabies searched for raisins in an opaque pail across 10 paired trials. Each pair consisted of one “honest” presentation (number observed = number retrievable) and one “deceitful” presentation (number observed > number retrievable), with trial conditions consisting of 1 vs. 2, 2 vs. 3, and 3 vs. 4. False bottoms in the pails allowed for “deceitful” presentations. A 5 (1:1, 2:4. 4:8, 2:3, 3:4) X 2 (honest vs deceitful) fully repeated measures analysis of variance examined the within-subject effects of trial type and ratio of raisins revealing longer search times on deceitful versus honest trials only with ratios of 1:2 and 2:4.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["An Assessment of Number Representation in the Small-Eared Bushbaby (Otolemur garnettii)"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Tammy Greer","Alen Hajnal","Bonnie Smith"],"dc:creator":["Baker, Tiffany Aycia Woodard"],"dc:date.available":["2016-06-30T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["In an effort to explain the underlying mechanisms of number representation, both the object-file and the approximate number system have been proposed. Despite the recognition in animals, both nonhuman and human, it remains unclear how numbers are represented cognitively or what system is employed. Furthermore, primate numerosity research has been almost exclusively conducted within haplorhine species (monkeys and apes). Within the strepsirhines (lemurs, lorises, and galagos), it has only been investigated in 15 diurnal and cathermal Malagasy primate species. No study to date has looked at this ability in either African strepsirhines or nocturnal primates. To examine the extent of numerical representation among the strepsirhines, the current study examined a nocturnal African primate, Garnett’s Greater Bushbaby (Otolemur garnettii). Using a modified search task developed by Lewis et al. (2005), bushbabies searched for raisins in an opaque pail across 10 paired trials. Each pair consisted of one “honest” presentation (number observed = number retrievable) and one “deceitful” presentation (number observed > number retrievable), with trial conditions consisting of 1 vs. 2, 2 vs. 3, and 3 vs. 4. False bottoms in the pails allowed for “deceitful” presentations. A 5 (1:1, 2:4. 4:8, 2:3, 3:4) X 2 (honest vs deceitful) fully repeated measures analysis of variance examined the within-subject effects of trial type and ratio of raisins revealing longer search times on deceitful versus honest trials only with ratios of 1:2 and 2:4.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://aquila.usm.edu/masters_theses/201"],"dc:subject":["bushbaby","numerosity","number representation","strepsirhine","prosimian","Experimental Analysis of Behavior","Psychology"],"dc:title":["An Assessment of Number Representation in the Small-Eared Bushbaby (Otolemur garnettii)"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Psychology"],"thesis:degree_level":["Masters Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science (MS)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:44:34Z"}