The COVID-19 pandemic led to unprecedented school closures, forcing administrators to take decisive action to radically change the educational system. The imperative to switch to remote learning transformed the dynamics of teaching and learning, leading to both immediate and long-term academic and social emotional consequences for all stakeholders. When schools reopened, administrators faced the challenge of reintegrating students into in-person learning while addressing the pandemic’s lasting effects on academics, mental health, and school safety. While academic regression was evident, the extent of students’ emotional struggles was less anticipated. Many students exhibited increased irritability and mental health issues such as depression and, which, in some cases, had tragic consequences. Although schools have faced various crises over the years, arguably, none have matched the magnitude of COVID-19, nor have educators felt as unprepared to navigate its challenges. School leaders and teachers lacked the necessary resources and research to effectively support adolescents during this difficult time.
To understand the long-term effects of distance learning and the effectiveness of the reintegration process, this study examined the extent to which school leaders engaged with the crisis leadership key competencies outlined by Riggio & Newstead (2023). The research explored the social-emotional effects of school closures on students and the extent to which school administrators employed crisis leadership competencies to create a physically and emotionally safe school environment during reintegration. Data was collected through a qualitative study involving 22 interviews with administrators, teachers, parents, and students from five public high schools in San Diego County, all of whom were educators or students at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and during the transition back to in-person instruction.
The findings revealed that school leaders encountered numerous challenges before and after school closures, requiring new teaching strategies and heightened attention to emotional and physical safety. In the event of another school closure, leaders who can communicate, motivate, adapt, make prompt decisions, and inspire others will be better equipped to support students and the broader school community. By gathering diverse perspectives on education during this crisis, this study provides valuable insights for educators and policymakers to better prepare for future challenges.
","abstract_html":"<p>The COVID-19 pandemic led to unprecedented school closures, forcing administrators to take decisive action to radically change the educational system. The imperative to switch to remote learning transformed the dynamics of teaching and learning, leading to both immediate and long-term academic and social emotional consequences for all stakeholders. When schools reopened, administrators faced the challenge of reintegrating students into in-person learning while addressing the pandemic’s lasting effects on academics, mental health, and school safety. While academic regression was evident, the extent of students’ emotional struggles was less anticipated. Many students exhibited increased irritability and mental health issues such as depression and, which, in some cases, had tragic consequences. Although schools have faced various crises over the years, arguably, none have matched the magnitude of COVID-19, nor have educators felt as unprepared to navigate its challenges. School leaders and teachers lacked the necessary resources and research to effectively support adolescents during this difficult time.</p> <p>To understand the long-term effects of distance learning and the effectiveness of the reintegration process, this study examined the extent to which school leaders engaged with the crisis leadership key competencies outlined by Riggio & Newstead (2023). The research explored the social-emotional effects of school closures on students and the extent to which school administrators employed crisis leadership competencies to create a physically and emotionally safe school environment during reintegration. Data was collected through a qualitative study involving 22 interviews with administrators, teachers, parents, and students from five public high schools in San Diego County, all of whom were educators or students at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and during the transition back to in-person instruction.</p> <p>The findings revealed that school leaders encountered numerous challenges before and after school closures, requiring new teaching strategies and heightened attention to emotional and physical safety. In the event of another school closure, leaders who can communicate, motivate, adapt, make prompt decisions, and inspire others will be better equipped to support students and the broader school community. By gathering diverse perspectives on education during this crisis, this study provides valuable insights for educators and policymakers to better prepare for future challenges.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Bielma, Johana"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"PhD Leadership Studies","degree_level":"Dissertation: Open Access","degree_discipline":"Leadership Studies","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2025,"date_issued":"2025-05-18T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2025-05-18T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:41:55Z","subjects":["crisis","crisis leadership","schools","COVID-19","challenges","social-emotional effects","social-emotional wellness","mental health","long-term effects","school leaders","administrators","school closures","in-person learning","safe schools","Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research","Educational Leadership","Educational Psychology","Online and Distance Education","Other Teacher Education and Professional Development","Secondary Education","Social and Philosophical Foundations of Education","Social Psychology and Interaction"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digital.sandiego.edu/dissertations/1062","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Bielma, Johana"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2025-11-07T08:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Leadership Studies"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation: Open Access"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["PhD Leadership Studies"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["crisis","crisis leadership","schools","COVID-19","challenges","social-emotional effects","social-emotional wellness","mental health","long-term effects","school leaders","administrators","school closures","in-person learning","safe schools","Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research","Educational Leadership","Educational Psychology","Online and Distance Education","Other Teacher Education and Professional Development","Secondary Education","Social and Philosophical Foundations of Education","Social Psychology and Interaction"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://digital.sandiego.edu/dissertations/1062"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The COVID-19 pandemic led to unprecedented school closures, forcing administrators to take decisive action to radically change the educational system. The imperative to switch to remote learning transformed the dynamics of teaching and learning, leading to both immediate and long-term academic and social emotional consequences for all stakeholders. When schools reopened, administrators faced the challenge of reintegrating students into in-person learning while addressing the pandemic’s lasting effects on academics, mental health, and school safety. While academic regression was evident, the extent of students’ emotional struggles was less anticipated. Many students exhibited increased irritability and mental health issues such as depression and, which, in some cases, had tragic consequences. Although schools have faced various crises over the years, arguably, none have matched the magnitude of COVID-19, nor have educators felt as unprepared to navigate its challenges. School leaders and teachers lacked the necessary resources and research to effectively support adolescents during this difficult time.
To understand the long-term effects of distance learning and the effectiveness of the reintegration process, this study examined the extent to which school leaders engaged with the crisis leadership key competencies outlined by Riggio & Newstead (2023). The research explored the social-emotional effects of school closures on students and the extent to which school administrators employed crisis leadership competencies to create a physically and emotionally safe school environment during reintegration. Data was collected through a qualitative study involving 22 interviews with administrators, teachers, parents, and students from five public high schools in San Diego County, all of whom were educators or students at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and during the transition back to in-person instruction.
The findings revealed that school leaders encountered numerous challenges before and after school closures, requiring new teaching strategies and heightened attention to emotional and physical safety. In the event of another school closure, leaders who can communicate, motivate, adapt, make prompt decisions, and inspire others will be better equipped to support students and the broader school community. By gathering diverse perspectives on education during this crisis, this study provides valuable insights for educators and policymakers to better prepare for future challenges.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Leading Through Crisis: San Diego County Schools' Response to the Social Emotional Needs of All Students"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:creator":["Bielma, Johana"],"dc:date.available":["2025-11-07T08:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["The COVID-19 pandemic led to unprecedented school closures, forcing administrators to take decisive action to radically change the educational system. The imperative to switch to remote learning transformed the dynamics of teaching and learning, leading to both immediate and long-term academic and social emotional consequences for all stakeholders. When schools reopened, administrators faced the challenge of reintegrating students into in-person learning while addressing the pandemic’s lasting effects on academics, mental health, and school safety. While academic regression was evident, the extent of students’ emotional struggles was less anticipated. Many students exhibited increased irritability and mental health issues such as depression and, which, in some cases, had tragic consequences. Although schools have faced various crises over the years, arguably, none have matched the magnitude of COVID-19, nor have educators felt as unprepared to navigate its challenges. School leaders and teachers lacked the necessary resources and research to effectively support adolescents during this difficult time.
To understand the long-term effects of distance learning and the effectiveness of the reintegration process, this study examined the extent to which school leaders engaged with the crisis leadership key competencies outlined by Riggio & Newstead (2023). The research explored the social-emotional effects of school closures on students and the extent to which school administrators employed crisis leadership competencies to create a physically and emotionally safe school environment during reintegration. Data was collected through a qualitative study involving 22 interviews with administrators, teachers, parents, and students from five public high schools in San Diego County, all of whom were educators or students at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and during the transition back to in-person instruction.
The findings revealed that school leaders encountered numerous challenges before and after school closures, requiring new teaching strategies and heightened attention to emotional and physical safety. In the event of another school closure, leaders who can communicate, motivate, adapt, make prompt decisions, and inspire others will be better equipped to support students and the broader school community. By gathering diverse perspectives on education during this crisis, this study provides valuable insights for educators and policymakers to better prepare for future challenges.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://digital.sandiego.edu/dissertations/1062"],"dc:subject":["crisis","crisis leadership","schools","COVID-19","challenges","social-emotional effects","social-emotional wellness","mental health","long-term effects","school leaders","administrators","school closures","in-person learning","safe schools","Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research","Educational Leadership","Educational Psychology","Online and Distance Education","Other Teacher Education and Professional Development","Secondary Education","Social and Philosophical Foundations of Education","Social Psychology and Interaction"],"dc:title":["Leading Through Crisis: San Diego County Schools' Response to the Social Emotional Needs of All Students"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Leadership Studies"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation: Open Access"],"thesis:degree_name":["PhD Leadership Studies"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:41:55Z"}