{"id":{"repo_id":"unt","oai_identifier":"info:ark/67531/metadc4730"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/unt/info:ark/67531/metadc4730","repository":{"repo_id":"unt","name":"University of North Texas","base_url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/oai/"},"display":{"title":"Shaping Cows' Approach to Humans Using Positive and Negative Reinforcement","abstract":"Negative reinforcement can be a powerful tool for behavior analysts, yet it is often overlooked as a treatment method. Pryor (1999) outlines a method for approaching a \"timid\" animal using a combination of negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement. When the animal stands still, the human operates a clicker, and then retreats from the animal. Gradually, the human moves closer to the animal through the clicking and retreating shaping process. Once the human is standing close enough, food may be offered as a positive reinforcer, and the negative reinforcer is canceled out. The purpose of this study was to experimentally demonstrate the click-retreat technique with cows. A multiple-baseline design across subjects was used to test this technique. Results show that the click and retreat technique was effective. Results are discussed in terms of the difference between the click-retreat technique and systematic desensitization.","abstract_html":"Negative reinforcement can be a powerful tool for behavior analysts, yet it is often overlooked as a treatment method. Pryor (1999) outlines a method for approaching a "timid" animal using a combination of negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement. When the animal stands still, the human operates a clicker, and then retreats from the animal. Gradually, the human moves closer to the animal through the clicking and retreating shaping process. Once the human is standing close enough, food may be offered as a positive reinforcer, and the negative reinforcer is canceled out. The purpose of this study was to experimentally demonstrate the click-retreat technique with cows. A multiple-baseline design across subjects was used to test this technique. Results show that the click and retreat technique was effective. Results are discussed in terms of the difference between the click-retreat technique and systematic desensitization.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Morehead, Melissa L."],"institution":"University of North Texas","degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Rosales Ruíz, Jesús","Hyten, Cloyd","Ellis, Janet"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2005,"date_issued":"2005-05","date_published":"2005-05","updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:35:09Z","subjects":["Reinforcement (Psychology)","Conditioned response.","Human-animal communication.","Cows.","negative reinforcement","positive reinforcement","systematic desensitization","behavior analysis","in vivo desensitization"],"languages":["English"],"rights":["Public","Copyright","Morehead, Melissa L.","Copyright is held by the author, unless otherwise noted. All rights reserved."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["oclc: 62144996","https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4730/","ark: ark:/67531/metadc4730"],"render_values":[{"text":"oclc: 62144996","href":null,"code":true},{"text":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4730/","href":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4730/","code":true},{"text":"ark: ark:/67531/metadc4730","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://doi.org/10.12794/metadc4730","outbound_label":"DOI","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Rosales Ruíz, Jesús","Hyten, Cloyd","Ellis, Janet"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Morehead, Melissa L."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2005-05"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["University of North Texas"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis or Dissertation"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Reinforcement (Psychology)","Conditioned response.","Human-animal communication.","Cows.","negative reinforcement","positive reinforcement","systematic desensitization","behavior analysis","in vivo desensitization"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["English"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Public","Copyright","Morehead, Melissa L.","Copyright is held by the author, unless otherwise noted. 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The purpose of this study was to experimentally demonstrate the click-retreat technique with cows. A multiple-baseline design across subjects was used to test this technique. Results show that the click and retreat technique was effective. Results are discussed in terms of the difference between the click-retreat technique and systematic desensitization."]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["Text"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Shaping Cows' Approach to Humans Using Positive and Negative Reinforcement"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Rosales Ruíz, Jesús","Hyten, Cloyd","Ellis, Janet"],"dc:creator":["Morehead, Melissa L."],"dc:date":["2005-05"],"dc:description":["Negative reinforcement can be a powerful tool for behavior analysts, yet it is often overlooked as a treatment method. Pryor (1999) outlines a method for approaching a \"timid\" animal using a combination of negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement. When the animal stands still, the human operates a clicker, and then retreats from the animal. Gradually, the human moves closer to the animal through the clicking and retreating shaping process. Once the human is standing close enough, food may be offered as a positive reinforcer, and the negative reinforcer is canceled out. The purpose of this study was to experimentally demonstrate the click-retreat technique with cows. A multiple-baseline design across subjects was used to test this technique. Results show that the click and retreat technique was effective. Results are discussed in terms of the difference between the click-retreat technique and systematic desensitization."],"dc:format":["Text"],"dc:identifier":["oclc: 62144996","doi: 10.12794/metadc4730","https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4730/","ark: ark:/67531/metadc4730"],"dc:language":["English"],"dc:publisher":["University of North Texas"],"dc:rights":["Public","Copyright","Morehead, Melissa L.","Copyright is held by the author, unless otherwise noted. All rights reserved."],"dc:subject":["Reinforcement (Psychology)","Conditioned response.","Human-animal communication.","Cows.","negative reinforcement","positive reinforcement","systematic desensitization","behavior analysis","in vivo desensitization"],"dc:title":["Shaping Cows' Approach to Humans Using Positive and Negative Reinforcement"],"dc:type":["Thesis or Dissertation"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:35:09Z"}