{"id":{"repo_id":"unm","oai_identifier":"oai:digitalrepository.unm.edu:eps_etds-1087"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/unm/oai:digitalrepository.unm.edu:eps_etds-1087","repository":{"repo_id":"unm","name":"University of New Mexico","base_url":"https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/do/oai/"},"display":{"title":"The discovery of baddeleyite (ZrO2) and chrome spinel in the basal Rooiberg Group of the 2.057 Ga Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Implications for the impact and igneous scenarios for the petrogenesis of the Rooiberg Group.","abstract":"The ~75 wt % SiO2 Basal Rhyolite is one of seven chemically distinct units of the Dullstroom Formation, the oldest of four formations that comprise the 4-6 km thick siliceous Rooiberg Group of the 2.057 Ga Bushveld Complex, South Africa. The discovery of composite zircon-baddeleyite grains and chromite in the Basal Rhyolite demands a reassessment of proposed scenarios for its petrogenesis. These scenarios include: 1) crustal melting caused by, and differentiation of, intrusive ultramafic magmas of the 9 km thick Rustenberg Layered Suite and 2) crustal melting initiated by an impact of one or more bolides. Although evidence for shock metamorphism, key to verifying an impact origin, has not been found, it has been proposed that unique quench textures in the Basal Rhyolite formed during quenching from impact-induced superheat (T > 1686° C). The presence of coexisting zircon (ZrSiO4) and baddeleyite (ZrO2) has been documented in several impact structures as a result of the reversible reaction: ZrSiO4 = ZrO2 + SiO2 at ~1686°C. Therefore, the presence of zircon and baddeleyite in the Basal Rhyolite provides a test for an impact origin of the Basal Rhyolite. Electron microprobe and transmission electron microscope studies highlight several characteristics of the baddeleyite that are inconsistent with their formation by impact processes. The size, shape, chemistry and configuration of chromites in the Basal Rhyolite also suggest that they once existed in the interstices to olivine or pyroxene in a mafic cumulate prior to entrainment. Since no cumulates are known to exist underneath the Bushveld Complex, the parent lithology of the chromite and baddeleyite is likely a mafic magma associated with the Rustenberg Layered Suite. Chemical similarities between chromites from this study and chromites of a baddeleyite-bearing chill sequence to the Bushveld Complex provide the grounds for future comparative studies of these minerals. At this point, endogenous processes more readily explain the presence and characteristics of composite zircon-baddeleyite grains and chromite. Their presence in the Basal Rhyolite suggests that a dynamic magmatic setting existed during the early stages of Rooiberg Group extrusion.","abstract_html":"The ~75 wt % SiO2 Basal Rhyolite is one of seven chemically distinct units of the Dullstroom Formation, the oldest of four formations that comprise the 4-6 km thick siliceous Rooiberg Group of the 2.057 Ga Bushveld Complex, South Africa. The discovery of composite zircon-baddeleyite grains and chromite in the Basal Rhyolite demands a reassessment of proposed scenarios for its petrogenesis. These scenarios include: 1) crustal melting caused by, and differentiation of, intrusive ultramafic magmas of the 9 km thick Rustenberg Layered Suite and 2) crustal melting initiated by an impact of one or more bolides. Although evidence for shock metamorphism, key to verifying an impact origin, has not been found, it has been proposed that unique quench textures in the Basal Rhyolite formed during quenching from impact-induced superheat (T > 1686° C). The presence of coexisting zircon (ZrSiO4) and baddeleyite (ZrO2) has been documented in several impact structures as a result of the reversible reaction: ZrSiO4 = ZrO2 + SiO2 at ~1686°C. Therefore, the presence of zircon and baddeleyite in the Basal Rhyolite provides a test for an impact origin of the Basal Rhyolite. Electron microprobe and transmission electron microscope studies highlight several characteristics of the baddeleyite that are inconsistent with their formation by impact processes. The size, shape, chemistry and configuration of chromites in the Basal Rhyolite also suggest that they once existed in the interstices to olivine or pyroxene in a mafic cumulate prior to entrainment. Since no cumulates are known to exist underneath the Bushveld Complex, the parent lithology of the chromite and baddeleyite is likely a mafic magma associated with the Rustenberg Layered Suite. Chemical similarities between chromites from this study and chromites of a baddeleyite-bearing chill sequence to the Bushveld Complex provide the grounds for future comparative studies of these minerals. At this point, endogenous processes more readily explain the presence and characteristics of composite zircon-baddeleyite grains and chromite. Their presence in the Basal Rhyolite suggests that a dynamic magmatic setting existed during the early stages of Rooiberg Group extrusion.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Tegtmeier, Eric"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","degree_level":"Masters","degree_discipline":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Elston, Wolfgang","Brearley, Adrian","Newsom, Horton","Jones, Rhian"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2013,"date_issued":"2013-07-10T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2013-07-10T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:26:22Z","subjects":["Bushveld Complex","Rooiberg Group","magma mixing","zirconia","baddeleyite","chromite","chrome spinel","siliceous igneous rocks","impact"],"languages":["English"],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/eps_etds/88"],"render_values":[{"text":"https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/eps_etds/88","href":"https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/eps_etds/88","code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1928/23214","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Elston, Wolfgang","Brearley, Adrian","Newsom, Horton","Jones, Rhian"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Tegtmeier, Eric"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Masters","Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Earth and Planetary Sciences"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Bushveld Complex","Rooiberg Group","magma mixing","zirconia","baddeleyite","chromite","chrome spinel","siliceous igneous rocks","impact"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["English"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/1928/23214","https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/eps_etds/88"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The ~75 wt % SiO2 Basal Rhyolite is one of seven chemically distinct units of the Dullstroom Formation, the oldest of four formations that comprise the 4-6 km thick siliceous Rooiberg Group of the 2.057 Ga Bushveld Complex, South Africa. The discovery of composite zircon-baddeleyite grains and chromite in the Basal Rhyolite demands a reassessment of proposed scenarios for its petrogenesis. These scenarios include: 1) crustal melting caused by, and differentiation of, intrusive ultramafic magmas of the 9 km thick Rustenberg Layered Suite and 2) crustal melting initiated by an impact of one or more bolides. Although evidence for shock metamorphism, key to verifying an impact origin, has not been found, it has been proposed that unique quench textures in the Basal Rhyolite formed during quenching from impact-induced superheat (T > 1686° C). The presence of coexisting zircon (ZrSiO4) and baddeleyite (ZrO2) has been documented in several impact structures as a result of the reversible reaction: ZrSiO4 = ZrO2 + SiO2 at ~1686°C. Therefore, the presence of zircon and baddeleyite in the Basal Rhyolite provides a test for an impact origin of the Basal Rhyolite. Electron microprobe and transmission electron microscope studies highlight several characteristics of the baddeleyite that are inconsistent with their formation by impact processes. The size, shape, chemistry and configuration of chromites in the Basal Rhyolite also suggest that they once existed in the interstices to olivine or pyroxene in a mafic cumulate prior to entrainment. Since no cumulates are known to exist underneath the Bushveld Complex, the parent lithology of the chromite and baddeleyite is likely a mafic magma associated with the Rustenberg Layered Suite. Chemical similarities between chromites from this study and chromites of a baddeleyite-bearing chill sequence to the Bushveld Complex provide the grounds for future comparative studies of these minerals. At this point, endogenous processes more readily explain the presence and characteristics of composite zircon-baddeleyite grains and chromite. Their presence in the Basal Rhyolite suggests that a dynamic magmatic setting existed during the early stages of Rooiberg Group extrusion."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The discovery of baddeleyite (ZrO2) and chrome spinel in the basal Rooiberg Group of the 2.057 Ga Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Implications for the impact and igneous scenarios for the petrogenesis of the Rooiberg Group."]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Elston, Wolfgang","Brearley, Adrian","Newsom, Horton","Jones, Rhian"],"dc:creator":["Tegtmeier, Eric"],"dc:description.abstract":["The ~75 wt % SiO2 Basal Rhyolite is one of seven chemically distinct units of the Dullstroom Formation, the oldest of four formations that comprise the 4-6 km thick siliceous Rooiberg Group of the 2.057 Ga Bushveld Complex, South Africa. The discovery of composite zircon-baddeleyite grains and chromite in the Basal Rhyolite demands a reassessment of proposed scenarios for its petrogenesis. These scenarios include: 1) crustal melting caused by, and differentiation of, intrusive ultramafic magmas of the 9 km thick Rustenberg Layered Suite and 2) crustal melting initiated by an impact of one or more bolides. Although evidence for shock metamorphism, key to verifying an impact origin, has not been found, it has been proposed that unique quench textures in the Basal Rhyolite formed during quenching from impact-induced superheat (T > 1686° C). The presence of coexisting zircon (ZrSiO4) and baddeleyite (ZrO2) has been documented in several impact structures as a result of the reversible reaction: ZrSiO4 = ZrO2 + SiO2 at ~1686°C. Therefore, the presence of zircon and baddeleyite in the Basal Rhyolite provides a test for an impact origin of the Basal Rhyolite. Electron microprobe and transmission electron microscope studies highlight several characteristics of the baddeleyite that are inconsistent with their formation by impact processes. The size, shape, chemistry and configuration of chromites in the Basal Rhyolite also suggest that they once existed in the interstices to olivine or pyroxene in a mafic cumulate prior to entrainment. Since no cumulates are known to exist underneath the Bushveld Complex, the parent lithology of the chromite and baddeleyite is likely a mafic magma associated with the Rustenberg Layered Suite. Chemical similarities between chromites from this study and chromites of a baddeleyite-bearing chill sequence to the Bushveld Complex provide the grounds for future comparative studies of these minerals. At this point, endogenous processes more readily explain the presence and characteristics of composite zircon-baddeleyite grains and chromite. Their presence in the Basal Rhyolite suggests that a dynamic magmatic setting existed during the early stages of Rooiberg Group extrusion."],"dc:identifier":["http://hdl.handle.net/1928/23214","https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/eps_etds/88"],"dc:language":["English"],"dc:subject":["Bushveld Complex","Rooiberg Group","magma mixing","zirconia","baddeleyite","chromite","chrome spinel","siliceous igneous rocks","impact"],"dc:title":["The discovery of baddeleyite (ZrO2) and chrome spinel in the basal Rooiberg Group of the 2.057 Ga Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Implications for the impact and igneous scenarios for the petrogenesis of the Rooiberg Group."],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences"],"thesis:degree_level":["Masters","Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Earth and Planetary Sciences"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:26:22Z"}