{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/89217"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/89217","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Molecular, cytogenetic, anatomical, and morphological variations associated with polyploids of prairie cordgrass","abstract":"Climate change or global warming, gradually increase in average global temperature, is now well documented and accepted by scientists as fact. The main cause of climate change is increasing carbon dioxide level (CO2) in the atmosphere. Bio-renewable energy sources can play a role in providing energy services to meet basic human needs in sustainable manner, in particular, in migrating climate change. However, the current bioenergy sources face both social and environmental challenges, mainly because they use food crops which lead to land-use competition between food and liquid biofuels. In order to minimize competition with food crops, the next generation bioenergy sources should be grown on marginal lands, where food crops cannot be grown. Prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata Link) has been recommended as a dedicate energy crop grown on marginal land. This species is tall (1-3 m), rhizomatous, C4 perennial grass, native to North America, and commonly found in lower, poorly drained soils along roadside, ditches, stress, marshes, wet meadows, and potholes. Prairie cordgrass is well known as polyploid species, including tetra- (2n=40), hexa- (2n= 60), and octoploids (2n=80), and has high abiotic stress tolerances such as salinity, cold, and waterlogging. Prairie cordgrass is successfully adapted in wide geographic distribution throughout Canada to 60° N latitude and in the United States throughout the Northeast, Great Lakes, and Midwest states, as well as most other states. According to previous studies, U.S. geographic distribution of this species is closely related to ploidy levels. Only tetraploid populations are found in the New England region, while most octoploids are distributed in the West North Central regions. Populations of tetra- and octoploids were found in close proximity in the West North Central and the West South Central regions.Unlike tetra- and octoploids, neo-hexaploids have only been reported in a single location co-existing with tetraploids. Since the polyploid evolutionary process in prairie cordgrass is dynamic, it is critical to understand how the polyploidization events influence on genetic diversity, chromosome structural changes, and morphological variations within the species. Through chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) phylogenetic analyses, three distinct genetic haplotypes were identified, which are relatively associated with geographic distribution and ploidy level. Genetic diversity in polyploids has resulted in variation in the number of silver stained NORs (AgNORs) on chromosomes at metaphase. The distribution patterns of AgNORs in metaphase cells of tetra- and octoploids appears to reflect changes in ploidy. Two populations of tetra- and octoploids have the number of AgNORs expected from their mitotic metaphase chromosome number. Four AgNORs were found in tetraploids, while octoploids have eight AgNORs. However, two hexaploids have differing numbers of AgNORs (3 and 6), indicating that chromosome structure may not be stabilized in early generations of neo-polyploidy. This recent polyploidization event also appears to have modified morphological characteristics such as stem height, thickness, and mass, which are strongly associated with lodging resistance. Hexaploid populations have higher lodging resistance than their putative tetraploid populations due to specific morphological characteristics such as shorter height or thicker and heavy stem. Overall, the past and new polyploidization events may develop novel molecular, cytogenetical, anatomical, and morphological characteristics in prairie cordgrass. Therefore, the results of this study plays an important role in understanding the creation of genetic diversity which is a critical factor for developing prairie cordgrass as a dedicated energy crop grown in stressful environmental conditions.","abstract_html":"Climate change or global warming, gradually increase in average global temperature, is now well documented and accepted by scientists as fact. The main cause of climate change is increasing carbon dioxide level (CO2) in the atmosphere. Bio-renewable energy sources can play a role in providing energy services to meet basic human needs in sustainable manner, in particular, in migrating climate change. However, the current bioenergy sources face both social and environmental challenges, mainly because they use food crops which lead to land-use competition between food and liquid biofuels. In order to minimize competition with food crops, the next generation bioenergy sources should be grown on marginal lands, where food crops cannot be grown. Prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata Link) has been recommended as a dedicate energy crop grown on marginal land. This species is tall (1-3 m), rhizomatous, C4 perennial grass, native to North America, and commonly found in lower, poorly drained soils along roadside, ditches, stress, marshes, wet meadows, and potholes. Prairie cordgrass is well known as polyploid species, including tetra- (2n=40), hexa- (2n= 60), and octoploids (2n=80), and has high abiotic stress tolerances such as salinity, cold, and waterlogging. Prairie cordgrass is successfully adapted in wide geographic distribution throughout Canada to 60° N latitude and in the United States throughout the Northeast, Great Lakes, and Midwest states, as well as most other states. According to previous studies, U.S. geographic distribution of this species is closely related to ploidy levels. Only tetraploid populations are found in the New England region, while most octoploids are distributed in the West North Central regions. Populations of tetra- and octoploids were found in close proximity in the West North Central and the West South Central regions.Unlike tetra- and octoploids, neo-hexaploids have only been reported in a single location co-existing with tetraploids. Since the polyploid evolutionary process in prairie cordgrass is dynamic, it is critical to understand how the polyploidization events influence on genetic diversity, chromosome structural changes, and morphological variations within the species. Through chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) phylogenetic analyses, three distinct genetic haplotypes were identified, which are relatively associated with geographic distribution and ploidy level. Genetic diversity in polyploids has resulted in variation in the number of silver stained NORs (AgNORs) on chromosomes at metaphase. The distribution patterns of AgNORs in metaphase cells of tetra- and octoploids appears to reflect changes in ploidy. Two populations of tetra- and octoploids have the number of AgNORs expected from their mitotic metaphase chromosome number. Four AgNORs were found in tetraploids, while octoploids have eight AgNORs. However, two hexaploids have differing numbers of AgNORs (3 and 6), indicating that chromosome structure may not be stabilized in early generations of neo-polyploidy. This recent polyploidization event also appears to have modified morphological characteristics such as stem height, thickness, and mass, which are strongly associated with lodging resistance. Hexaploid populations have higher lodging resistance than their putative tetraploid populations due to specific morphological characteristics such as shorter height or thicker and heavy stem. Overall, the past and new polyploidization events may develop novel molecular, cytogenetical, anatomical, and morphological characteristics in prairie cordgrass. Therefore, the results of this study plays an important role in understanding the creation of genetic diversity which is a critical factor for developing prairie cordgrass as a dedicated energy crop grown in stressful environmental conditions.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Kim, Su Min"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Crop Sciences","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Rayburn, A. Lane","Lee, DK","Voigt, Thomas","Bollero, German"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2016,"date_issued":"2016-03-02T21:06:51Z","date_published":"2016-03-02T21:06:51Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:26:32Z","subjects":["Prairie Cordgrass","Polyploidy","Chloroplast","Silver Staining","silver stained NORs AgNORs","Lodging","Morphology","Anatomy"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["Copyright 2015 Su Min Kim"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/89217","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Rayburn, A. Lane","Lee, DK","Voigt, Thomas","Bollero, German"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Kim, Su Min"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2016-03-02T21:06:51Z","2018-03-03T10:15:14Z","2015-12-03","2015-12"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Crop Sciences"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Prairie Cordgrass","Polyploidy","Chloroplast","Silver Staining","silver stained NORs AgNORs","Lodging","Morphology","Anatomy"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2015 Su Min Kim"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/89217"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Climate change or global warming, gradually increase in average global temperature, is now well documented and accepted by scientists as fact. The main cause of climate change is increasing carbon dioxide level (CO2) in the atmosphere. Bio-renewable energy sources can play a role in providing energy services to meet basic human needs in sustainable manner, in particular, in migrating climate change. However, the current bioenergy sources face both social and environmental challenges, mainly because they use food crops which lead to land-use competition between food and liquid biofuels. In order to minimize competition with food crops, the next generation bioenergy sources should be grown on marginal lands, where food crops cannot be grown. Prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata Link) has been recommended as a dedicate energy crop grown on marginal land. This species is tall (1-3 m), rhizomatous, C4 perennial grass, native to North America, and commonly found in lower, poorly drained soils along roadside, ditches, stress, marshes, wet meadows, and potholes. Prairie cordgrass is well known as polyploid species, including tetra- (2n=40), hexa- (2n= 60), and octoploids (2n=80), and has high abiotic stress tolerances such as salinity, cold, and waterlogging. Prairie cordgrass is successfully adapted in wide geographic distribution throughout Canada to 60° N latitude and in the United States throughout the Northeast, Great Lakes, and Midwest states, as well as most other states. According to previous studies, U.S. geographic distribution of this species is closely related to ploidy levels. Only tetraploid populations are found in the New England region, while most octoploids are distributed in the West North Central regions. Populations of tetra- and octoploids were found in close proximity in the West North Central and the West South Central regions.Unlike tetra- and octoploids, neo-hexaploids have only been reported in a single location co-existing with tetraploids. Since the polyploid evolutionary process in prairie cordgrass is dynamic, it is critical to understand how the polyploidization events influence on genetic diversity, chromosome structural changes, and morphological variations within the species. Through chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) phylogenetic analyses, three distinct genetic haplotypes were identified, which are relatively associated with geographic distribution and ploidy level. Genetic diversity in polyploids has resulted in variation in the number of silver stained NORs (AgNORs) on chromosomes at metaphase. The distribution patterns of AgNORs in metaphase cells of tetra- and octoploids appears to reflect changes in ploidy. Two populations of tetra- and octoploids have the number of AgNORs expected from their mitotic metaphase chromosome number. Four AgNORs were found in tetraploids, while octoploids have eight AgNORs. However, two hexaploids have differing numbers of AgNORs (3 and 6), indicating that chromosome structure may not be stabilized in early generations of neo-polyploidy. This recent polyploidization event also appears to have modified morphological characteristics such as stem height, thickness, and mass, which are strongly associated with lodging resistance. Hexaploid populations have higher lodging resistance than their putative tetraploid populations due to specific morphological characteristics such as shorter height or thicker and heavy stem. Overall, the past and new polyploidization events may develop novel molecular, cytogenetical, anatomical, and morphological characteristics in prairie cordgrass. Therefore, the results of this study plays an important role in understanding the creation of genetic diversity which is a critical factor for developing prairie cordgrass as a dedicated energy crop grown in stressful environmental conditions.","Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2017-12-01","The student, Su Min Kim, accepted the attached license on 2015-11-30 at 17:18.","The student, Su Min Kim, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2015-11-30 at 17:33.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2015-12-03 at 15:18.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #8882 on 2016-03-02 at 14:13:39","Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-02T21:06:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 KIM-DISSERTATION-2015.pdf: 3058353 bytes, checksum: 4d7e3535d1246ccc2b89ee2b6b4ead71 (MD5) LICENSE.txt: 4207 bytes, checksum: ab5c44a9c2f80ea79fcfbdb843fa6e97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-03","Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 91420 Lift date: 2018-03-02T21:07:27Z Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD system","Limited Restriction Lifted for Item 91420 on 2018-03-03T10:15:14Z."]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Molecular, cytogenetic, anatomical, and morphological variations associated with polyploids of prairie cordgrass"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Rayburn, A. Lane","Lee, DK","Voigt, Thomas","Bollero, German"],"dc:creator":["Kim, Su Min"],"dc:date":["2016-03-02T21:06:51Z","2018-03-03T10:15:14Z","2015-12-03","2015-12"],"dc:description":["Climate change or global warming, gradually increase in average global temperature, is now well documented and accepted by scientists as fact. The main cause of climate change is increasing carbon dioxide level (CO2) in the atmosphere. Bio-renewable energy sources can play a role in providing energy services to meet basic human needs in sustainable manner, in particular, in migrating climate change. However, the current bioenergy sources face both social and environmental challenges, mainly because they use food crops which lead to land-use competition between food and liquid biofuels. In order to minimize competition with food crops, the next generation bioenergy sources should be grown on marginal lands, where food crops cannot be grown. Prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata Link) has been recommended as a dedicate energy crop grown on marginal land. This species is tall (1-3 m), rhizomatous, C4 perennial grass, native to North America, and commonly found in lower, poorly drained soils along roadside, ditches, stress, marshes, wet meadows, and potholes. Prairie cordgrass is well known as polyploid species, including tetra- (2n=40), hexa- (2n= 60), and octoploids (2n=80), and has high abiotic stress tolerances such as salinity, cold, and waterlogging. Prairie cordgrass is successfully adapted in wide geographic distribution throughout Canada to 60° N latitude and in the United States throughout the Northeast, Great Lakes, and Midwest states, as well as most other states. According to previous studies, U.S. geographic distribution of this species is closely related to ploidy levels. Only tetraploid populations are found in the New England region, while most octoploids are distributed in the West North Central regions. Populations of tetra- and octoploids were found in close proximity in the West North Central and the West South Central regions.Unlike tetra- and octoploids, neo-hexaploids have only been reported in a single location co-existing with tetraploids. Since the polyploid evolutionary process in prairie cordgrass is dynamic, it is critical to understand how the polyploidization events influence on genetic diversity, chromosome structural changes, and morphological variations within the species. Through chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) phylogenetic analyses, three distinct genetic haplotypes were identified, which are relatively associated with geographic distribution and ploidy level. Genetic diversity in polyploids has resulted in variation in the number of silver stained NORs (AgNORs) on chromosomes at metaphase. The distribution patterns of AgNORs in metaphase cells of tetra- and octoploids appears to reflect changes in ploidy. Two populations of tetra- and octoploids have the number of AgNORs expected from their mitotic metaphase chromosome number. Four AgNORs were found in tetraploids, while octoploids have eight AgNORs. However, two hexaploids have differing numbers of AgNORs (3 and 6), indicating that chromosome structure may not be stabilized in early generations of neo-polyploidy. This recent polyploidization event also appears to have modified morphological characteristics such as stem height, thickness, and mass, which are strongly associated with lodging resistance. Hexaploid populations have higher lodging resistance than their putative tetraploid populations due to specific morphological characteristics such as shorter height or thicker and heavy stem. Overall, the past and new polyploidization events may develop novel molecular, cytogenetical, anatomical, and morphological characteristics in prairie cordgrass. Therefore, the results of this study plays an important role in understanding the creation of genetic diversity which is a critical factor for developing prairie cordgrass as a dedicated energy crop grown in stressful environmental conditions.","Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2017-12-01","The student, Su Min Kim, accepted the attached license on 2015-11-30 at 17:18.","The student, Su Min Kim, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2015-11-30 at 17:33.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2015-12-03 at 15:18.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #8882 on 2016-03-02 at 14:13:39","Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-02T21:06:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 KIM-DISSERTATION-2015.pdf: 3058353 bytes, checksum: 4d7e3535d1246ccc2b89ee2b6b4ead71 (MD5) LICENSE.txt: 4207 bytes, checksum: ab5c44a9c2f80ea79fcfbdb843fa6e97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-03","Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 91420 Lift date: 2018-03-02T21:07:27Z Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD system","Limited Restriction Lifted for Item 91420 on 2018-03-03T10:15:14Z."],"dc:format":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/89217"],"dc:language":["en"],"dc:rights":["Copyright 2015 Su Min Kim"],"dc:subject":["Prairie Cordgrass","Polyploidy","Chloroplast","Silver Staining","silver stained NORs AgNORs","Lodging","Morphology","Anatomy"],"dc:title":["Molecular, cytogenetic, anatomical, and morphological variations associated with polyploids of prairie cordgrass"],"dc:type":["text"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Crop Sciences"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph.D."],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:26:32Z"}