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Funding from New York's Carnegie Corporation established libraries for blacks in the 1930s, thus allowing a reading culture to emerge and ensuring a transnational, American influence on South African library development. Local initiatives such as the Cape Libraries Extension Association expanded library services to blacks in the Western Cape in the 1940s. The stress and confusion of the early apartheid era caused a rise in escapist reading among blacks and whites in the 1950s. Amidst the increasing racial discrimination of the 1960s, blacks and whites in Cape Town resisted library segregation, defying apartheid legislation mandating separate libraries for all races. 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Local initiatives such as the Cape Libraries Extension Association expanded library services to blacks in the Western Cape in the 1940s. The stress and confusion of the early apartheid era caused a rise in escapist reading among blacks and whites in the 1950s. Amidst the increasing racial discrimination of the 1960s, blacks and whites in Cape Town resisted library segregation, defying apartheid legislation mandating separate libraries for all races. 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