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Finally, natural abundance 13C NMR kinetic isotope effect (KIE) studies have determined aldolization to be rate limiting.","abstract_html":"Kinetic studies using ReactIR and rapid injection NMR (RINMR) spectroscopy have confirmed the existence of dual mechanistic pathways involving either one or two phosphoramides. Determination of Arrhenius activation parameters revealed that aldol addition occurs through the reversible albeit unfavorable formation of an activated complex. 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