{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/83578"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/83578","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Type 2 Diabetes Impairs Interleukin-4 Function in Macrophages and Amplifies the Brain-Based Neuroimmune Response","abstract":"Neuroimmunity is mediated by activated macrophages that secrete proinflammatory cytokines in response to immune insult. These messenger molecules communicate immune status to the brain to elicit important metabolic and behavioral changes that act to minimize transmission of infection and maximize the host's efficiency in resolving the infection. Disruption of intracellular signaling pathways utilized by cytokines and augmentation of macrophage responses to cytokines or infectious agents, as a result of type 2 diabetes, may play a critical role in disrupting the neuroimmune response. This literature review focuses on neuroimmune implications of type 2 diabetes. Chapters 2 through 4 establish that (1) multiple mechanisms are in place to counter-regulate insulin signaling at the level of IRS, including tyrosine dephosphorylation by protein tyrosine phosphatases, serine phosphorylation, and proteasomal degradation, (2) chronic hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia disrupt specific anti-inflammatory functions of IL-4 in macrophages as a result of diminished IRS-2 mediated signaling and increased SOCS-3 expression, and (3) the IL-1beta-mediated neuroimmune response is amplified in db/db mice due to diabetes-associated loss of IL-1beta counter-regulation. Taken together these findings indicate that chronic hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia associated with type 2 diabetes impair important anti-inflammatory pathways that signal through IRS proteins potentially giving rise to macrophages that are hyper-responsive to proinflammatory stimuli and leading to exacerbated neuroimmune responses. Importantly, an imbalanced inflammatory phenotype is associated with type 2 diabetes, which likely plays an important pathogenic role in many complications of type 2 diabetes, including altered neuroimmunity.","abstract_html":"Neuroimmunity is mediated by activated macrophages that secrete proinflammatory cytokines in response to immune insult. These messenger molecules communicate immune status to the brain to elicit important metabolic and behavioral changes that act to minimize transmission of infection and maximize the host's efficiency in resolving the infection. Disruption of intracellular signaling pathways utilized by cytokines and augmentation of macrophage responses to cytokines or infectious agents, as a result of type 2 diabetes, may play a critical role in disrupting the neuroimmune response. This literature review focuses on neuroimmune implications of type 2 diabetes. Chapters 2 through 4 establish that (1) multiple mechanisms are in place to counter-regulate insulin signaling at the level of IRS, including tyrosine dephosphorylation by protein tyrosine phosphatases, serine phosphorylation, and proteasomal degradation, (2) chronic hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia disrupt specific anti-inflammatory functions of IL-4 in macrophages as a result of diminished IRS-2 mediated signaling and increased SOCS-3 expression, and (3) the IL-1beta-mediated neuroimmune response is amplified in db/db mice due to diabetes-associated loss of IL-1beta counter-regulation. Taken together these findings indicate that chronic hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia associated with type 2 diabetes impair important anti-inflammatory pathways that signal through IRS proteins potentially giving rise to macrophages that are hyper-responsive to proinflammatory stimuli and leading to exacerbated neuroimmune responses. Importantly, an imbalanced inflammatory phenotype is associated with type 2 diabetes, which likely plays an important pathogenic role in many complications of type 2 diabetes, including altered neuroimmunity.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["O'Connor, Jason Christopher"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Animal Sciences","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Freund, Gregory G."],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2015,"date_issued":"2015-09-25T21:08:17Z","date_published":"2015-09-25T21:08:17Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:26:21Z","subjects":["Biology, Molecular"],"languages":["eng"],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["(MiAaPQ)AAI3182338"],"render_values":[{"text":"(MiAaPQ)AAI3182338","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/83578","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Freund, Gregory G."]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["O'Connor, Jason Christopher"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2015-09-25T21:08:17Z","10000-01-01","2005"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Animal Sciences"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Biology, Molecular"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["eng"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/83578","(MiAaPQ)AAI3182338"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Neuroimmunity is mediated by activated macrophages that secrete proinflammatory cytokines in response to immune insult. These messenger molecules communicate immune status to the brain to elicit important metabolic and behavioral changes that act to minimize transmission of infection and maximize the host's efficiency in resolving the infection. Disruption of intracellular signaling pathways utilized by cytokines and augmentation of macrophage responses to cytokines or infectious agents, as a result of type 2 diabetes, may play a critical role in disrupting the neuroimmune response. This literature review focuses on neuroimmune implications of type 2 diabetes. Chapters 2 through 4 establish that (1) multiple mechanisms are in place to counter-regulate insulin signaling at the level of IRS, including tyrosine dephosphorylation by protein tyrosine phosphatases, serine phosphorylation, and proteasomal degradation, (2) chronic hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia disrupt specific anti-inflammatory functions of IL-4 in macrophages as a result of diminished IRS-2 mediated signaling and increased SOCS-3 expression, and (3) the IL-1beta-mediated neuroimmune response is amplified in db/db mice due to diabetes-associated loss of IL-1beta counter-regulation. Taken together these findings indicate that chronic hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia associated with type 2 diabetes impair important anti-inflammatory pathways that signal through IRS proteins potentially giving rise to macrophages that are hyper-responsive to proinflammatory stimuli and leading to exacerbated neuroimmune responses. Importantly, an imbalanced inflammatory phenotype is associated with type 2 diabetes, which likely plays an important pathogenic role in many complications of type 2 diabetes, including altered neuroimmunity.","Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T21:08:17Z (GMT). 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These messenger molecules communicate immune status to the brain to elicit important metabolic and behavioral changes that act to minimize transmission of infection and maximize the host's efficiency in resolving the infection. Disruption of intracellular signaling pathways utilized by cytokines and augmentation of macrophage responses to cytokines or infectious agents, as a result of type 2 diabetes, may play a critical role in disrupting the neuroimmune response. This literature review focuses on neuroimmune implications of type 2 diabetes. Chapters 2 through 4 establish that (1) multiple mechanisms are in place to counter-regulate insulin signaling at the level of IRS, including tyrosine dephosphorylation by protein tyrosine phosphatases, serine phosphorylation, and proteasomal degradation, (2) chronic hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia disrupt specific anti-inflammatory functions of IL-4 in macrophages as a result of diminished IRS-2 mediated signaling and increased SOCS-3 expression, and (3) the IL-1beta-mediated neuroimmune response is amplified in db/db mice due to diabetes-associated loss of IL-1beta counter-regulation. Taken together these findings indicate that chronic hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia associated with type 2 diabetes impair important anti-inflammatory pathways that signal through IRS proteins potentially giving rise to macrophages that are hyper-responsive to proinflammatory stimuli and leading to exacerbated neuroimmune responses. Importantly, an imbalanced inflammatory phenotype is associated with type 2 diabetes, which likely plays an important pathogenic role in many complications of type 2 diabetes, including altered neuroimmunity.","Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T21:08:17Z (GMT). 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